1,720,999 research outputs found
Gli antichi emissari artificiali dei bacini endoreici
Full text linkLa presenza sul territorio italiano di opere idrauliche risalenti ad epoche passate costituisce un elemento di
notevole importanza storica, che testimonia la capacità dell’uomo di adattarsi alle caratteristiche naturali
dell’ambiente e l’abilità ingegneristica nel costruire opere di controllo del territorio. È un patrimonio culturale
diffuso, spesso così rilevante da costituire un segno identificativo del paesaggio antropizzato.
Nell’Italia centrale esistono numerosi contesti geomorfologici (laghi di origine vulcanica, polje carsici) che
hanno reso necessaria, nel corso dei secoli, la realizzazione di emissari sotterranei per la regolazione dei
livelli idrici di specchi d’acqua permanenti e/o temporanei.
Tali interventi sono stati frequentemente progettati ed eseguiti per diverse finalità antropiche, quali - ma
non solo - l’attività agricola, o per convogliare le risorse idriche verso insediamenti abitativi: gli Etruschi e
poi i Romani, tra il VI sec. a.C. e il II d.C., scavarono imponenti gallerie per mezzo delle quali riuscirono a
regimare numerosi bacini.
Da alcuni anni la Commissione Cavità Artificiali della Società Speleologica Italiana si sta occupando della
classificazione e censimento delle antiche opere idrauliche sotterranee, nell’ambito del Progetto “la Carta
degli Antichi Acquedotti”, della quale si configura come naturale corollario il censimento delle altre opere
idrauliche antiche, quali gli emissari dei laghi vulcanici o dei polje carsici dell’Italia centrale.
In questa sede viene presentato l’elenco aggiornato delle strutture note e la bibliografia generale di riferimento
fin qui acquisita. Vengono inoltre trattati in questo numero di Opera Ipogea, quali primi contributi
di approfondimento, le opere relative ai Colli Albani ed alla Toscana rinviando a successive pubblicazioni
la trattazione degli altri
La Carta degli Antichi Acquedotti: un progetto della Commissione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali della Società Speleologica Italiana
No full textDa molti anni gli speleologi italiani,
parallelamente allo studio delle cavità
naturali di origine carsica o vulcanica
conducono studi approfonditi
in strutture sotterranee di origine antropica:
le cavità artificiali. Si tratta di opere ipogee
di interesse storico, archeologico, geologico
e antropologico, realizzate dall’uomo o riadattate
alle proprie necessità, diffuse in ogni
parte del mondo e diversificate per epoca,
tecnica di realizzazione e destinazione d’uso.
La “Carta degli Antichi Acquedotti” è un
progetto che vide l’avvio nel 2003, per volontà
della Commissione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali,
in occasione dell’Anno Mondiale dell’Acqua,
sulla scia di un altro importante progetto di tutela
della Società Speleologica Italiana: “L’acqua
che berremo” (individuazione e tutela degli
ambienti carsici sotterranei e superficiali)
¬Map of Rock-Cut Sites in the Mediterranean Basin, and classification of the related hydraulic works.
No full textBlooming of rupestrian communities is a significant phenomenon in central-southern Italy (southern Tuscany, northern
Latium, Campania, Molise, Basilicata, Apulia and Sicily), and in many other countries of the Mediterranean Basin
(Algeria, France, Libya, Malta, Greece, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey), as well as of Africa (Ethiopia), the Middle East
(Jordan, Israel, Syria), and central Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan). Further, it is also present in other
regions of the world, from the ancient Persia, to China, to the high valleys in the Himalaya.
The speleological research in artificial cavities, which started in Italy and nowadays is widespread in many other countries,
has largely contributed to acquisition of a large amount of data of great interest about the different typologies of
cavities (civilian settlements, underground working places, defensive works, hermitage sites), and the structures necessary
to daily life and to development of a variety of activities as well. Speleologists, by comparing the techniques used in
the realization of the different works, and the related aims, have collected data about tens of thousands of underground sites excavated by man, of high historical and anthropological interest. Thanks to this work of many decades, we can today compare and analyze all these data, which in turn feed several projects, as for the case of the Map of Rock-Cut Sites in the Mediterranean Basin
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
A Real-World Nationwide Study on COVID-19 Trend in Italy during the Autumn–Winter Season of 2020 (before Mass Vaccination) and 2021 (after Mass Vaccination) Integrated with a Retrospective Analysis of the Mortality Burden per Year
Full text linkSARS-CoV-2 virulence is known to increase with lowering of environmental temperature and solar ultraviolet radiation; therefore, we have focused our real-world nationwide study concerning with COVID-19 trend and dynamics on the coldest seasons of the year in Italy, the Western country hardest hit at the onset of the pandemic, comparing the autumn–winter of 2020 (before mass vaccination but when the emergency machinery was fully operative in terms of tracing and swabs) with the autumn–winter of 2021 (after mass vaccination), and analyzing the mortality burden by age groups and life stages in the years 2019 (pre-COVID-19), 2020 (before mass vaccination), and 2021 (after mass vaccination). Methods: During the state of national health emergency, the Civil Defense Department released the aggregate data coming from the Higher Institute of Health, the Ministry of Health, the Italian Regions, and the Independent Provinces, to inform the population about the pandemic situation, daily. Among these data, there were the number of contagions, performed swabs, hospitalizations in Intensive Care Units (ICU), non-ICU patients, and deaths. By means of a team effort, we have collected and elaborated all these data, comparing the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy during the autumn–winter of 2020 with the autumn–winter of 2021. Moreover, we have extracted from the database of the National Institute of Statistics the total number of annual deaths in Italy during the years 2019, 2020, and 2021, comparing them to each other in order to evaluate the mortality burden attributable to COVID-19. Results: From the autumn–winter of 2020 to the autumn–winter of 2021, the contagions increased by ≈285%, against a ≈290% increase in the performed swabs; therefore, the mean positivity rate passed from 8.74% before mass vaccination to 8.59% after mass vaccination. The unprecedent vaccination campaign allowed a ≈251% abatement in COVID-19 deaths, and a reduction of ≈224% and ≈228% in daily ICU and non-ICU hospitalizations due to COVID-19, respectively. Regarding COVID-19 deaths, in 2020, there was a mortality excess of ≈14.3% quantifiable in 105,900 more deaths compared to 2019, the pre-COVID-19 year; 103,183 out of 105,900 deaths occurred in older adults (≥60 years), which is equivalent to ≈97.4%, while in adults over 50, the segment of population just below older adults, in 2020, there were 2807 more deaths than in 2019. Surprisingly, from the analysis of our data, it is emerged that in people under the age of 40 in the years 2019, 2020, and 2021, there were 7103, 6808, and 7165 deaths, respectively. This means that in subjects under 40 during 2020, there were 295 fewer deaths than in 2019, while during 2021, there were 357 more deaths than in 2020, equivalent to ≈5.2% more. Conclusions: COVID-19 is a potential life-threatening disease mainly in older adults, as they are the most vulnerable due to inherent immunosenescence and inflammaging. Extensive vaccination in this segment of population with up-to-date vaccines is the means to reduce deaths, hospitalizations, and ICU pressure in the public interest. In the event of future threats, a new mass vaccination campaign should not be implemented without taking into account the individual age; it should primarily be aimed at people over 60 and at patients of any age with immune deficits, and secondly at people over 50. COVID-19 vaccination shows a favorable benefit–risk ratio in older adults, while the balance steps down under the age of 40; this younger segment of the population should be therefore exempt from any mandatory vaccination
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