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Artificial feeding: progresses and problems
No full textThe introduction of infant formulas represents an important result in the field of the newborn and infant artificial feeding, reducing the gap with maternal feeding. In the last decade technological evolution allowed to obtain milk formulas which became more and more similar to human milk starting from cow's milk, thus obtaining a composition adequate to the digestive and nutritional requirements of the newborn and of the infant, starting from the model of the breast feeding (infant formulas). The major differences between human and cow's milk have been corrected by dilution, skimming, addition of carbohydrates, acidification. From an allergenic viewpoint, in a recent study, we observed that no significant differences can be observed in the development of atopic symptoms for children supplemented with different substances in the first 5 days of life or receiving cow's milk infant formulas in the first three months of life, compared to those breast fed. In the case of the development of intolerance or allergy to cow's milk proteins, the substitution of the cow's milk based formula with hydrolysed or soy formulas is required. Maternal feeding represents the best choice for the nutrition of the newborn; however, when it is not possible, milk formulas despite they still show marked differences with human milk, concerning both nutrients and defensive factors, allow to reach satisfactory results about both nutrition and health
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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