113 research outputs found
Refinement of the crystal structure of anapaite Ca2Fe (PO4)2.4H2O : hydrogen bonding and relationships with the bihydrated phase
No full textThe crystal structure of anapaite from Messel (Hesse), Ca2Fe (PO4)2 • 4H2O, has been refined (R = 0.027) in space group P-1 by 1257 reflections measured on an automatic single-crystal diffractometer (MoKα radiation) ; all the hydrogen atoms have been localized and included in the refinement. The unit-cell parameters are : a = 6.447(1), b = 6.816(1), c = 5.898(1) Å, α = 101.64(3), β = 104.24(3), γ = 70.76(4)° ; Z = 1. Within the framework structure, (100) layers of coordination polyhedra are emphasized in order to describe a plausible crystallochemical path for a phase transition to the bihydrated term (messelite). Bond valence calculations show that Ca is 7 + 1 coordinated and justify the presence of hydrogen bonds which are unusually short for water molecules (2.597 and 2.600 Å).La structure de l'anapaite de Messel (Hesse), Ca2Fe (PO4)2.4H2O, a été affinée (R = 0,027) dans le groupe spatial P-1 par 1 257 réflexions mesurées à l'aide d'un diffractomètre automatique (radiation MoKα) ; tous les atomes d'hydrogène ont été localisés et inclus dans l'affinement. Les paramètres de la maille sont : a = 6,447(1), b = 6,816(1), c = 5,898(1) Å, α = 101,64(3), β = 104,24(3), γ = 70,76(4)° ; Z = 1. Des couches (100) de polyèdres de coordination sont présentes dans la structure, et au moyen d'elles on peut proposer un mécanisme cristallochimique pour la transition à la phase bihydratée (messelite). Des calculs de force de liaison montrent que Ca a une coordination 7 + 1, et expliquent la présence de liaisons hydrogène très courtes (2,597 et 2,600 Å) données par une molécule H2O.Catti Michele, Ferraris Giovanni, Ivaldi Gabriella. Refinement of the crystal structure of anapaite Ca2Fe (PO4)2.4H2O : hydrogen bonding and relationships with the bihydrated phase. In: Bulletin de Minéralogie, volume 102, 4, 1979. pp. 314-318
The general rule applicable to torts, party autonomy and «specialized» conflict-of-law provisions in the Rome II Regulation
No full textThe paper discusses the main provisions of the European Union’s Regulation on tort conflicts (“Rome II”), by analyzing (i) the range of PIL techniques employed by the Regulation and (ii) its inspiring objectives. The need for legal certainty and foreseeability as to the law applicable permeates the whole Regulation and more specifically it motivates (a) the list of the issues which are governed by the lex delicti, as well as (b) the choice – within the general rule – of the connecting criterion based upon the locus damni. On the other hand, the will to «treat individual cases in an appropriate manner» has led to the introduction of exceptions to the general rule in relation to predetermined situations, such as the so called isolated torts, as well as to the provision of a more general and flexible power of the judge to determine the manifestly closer connection (through the escape clause). The establishment – as well as the preservation – of a reasonable balance among the parties has inspired not only the provision of special conflict-of-law rules (recital n. 19), but also the choice of the locus damni as the main connecting criterion (the fairness of such solution for the purposes of reaching a reasonable balance among the parties is extensively analysed in the paper), as well as the provision of peculiar limitations to the choice of the law applicable, in cases where weaker parties are involved. The safeguard of particular material interests deserving a special degree of protection is finally shown, for instance, by art. 7 concerning liability for environmental damage. In the light of the above, the paper underlines that the «system» of conflict-of-law rules laid down by Rome II Regulation appears to be particularly noteworthy in so far as it aims – by means of a remarkable range of solutions and techniques – at promoting several interests and objectives which are not always reciprocally consistent. Nonetheless, the real capacity of the Regulation to achieve such ambitious objectives will only be effectively assessable in the light of its future and broader application by the national courts. Paola Ivaldi is the author of paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8
Civil Liability for Health Damages and Uniform Rules of Private International Law
No full textThe present contribution explores the attitude of uniform rules of private international law towards the achievement of the objective of health protection. As far as the rules on jurisdiction are concerned, the author – starting from an analysis of the international case-law involving health damages caused by multinational enterprises – focuses on the role that both the general forum provided by Article 4 of Regulation No 1215/2012 and the criterion of locus commissi delicti employed by Article 7(3) of the same Regulation might play for the purpose of health protection.
Attention is then turned to the conflict-of-law rules and more specifically to Article 5 of Regulation No 864/2007 and to the balance which such provision would be supposed to strike, according to Recital 20 of said Regulation, among different values including protection of consumers’ health. The article finally deals with the issue of recognition/exequatur of decisions concerning health damages and in particular of judgments awarding punitive damages, by critically assessing the Italian case-law on such issue, also in the light of the recent ruling of the Plenary Session of the Court of Cassation
Diritto dell'Unione europea e processo costituzionale (EU Law and the procedure before the Constitutional Court)
No full textThe paper illustrates the findings of the research financed under the Research Project of Relevant National Interest (PRIN) prot. n. 200832PPPJ, on the issue of “European integration through Procedural Law", which the author coordinated from 2012 as National and Local Unit Supervisor. In this perspective, the paper firstly underlines that the role of the Italian Constitutional Court has been increasingly restrained not only by EU rules having direct effects, but also by general principles to which the Court of Justice grants the same effects, as long as they justify «in any case» the disapplication of inconsistent national rules. Starting from this finding, the paper points out that the Constitutional Court gives nonetheless broad consideration to EU law issues and shows, in so doing, a remarkable opening towards «external» sources of law, as the constitutional judgment No. 80/2011 clearly confirms. In this view, the Court has recently suggested that the provisions of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights could work as «special» parameters (“norme interposte”) for the purpose of constitutional review of legislation, in order to ensure an adequate level of protection to the rights thereby established. In the same view, the Court has also significantly rethought its relation with the European Court of Justice and it has referred to the ECJ both questions of interpretation and of validity of EU law, although so far only in the course of «principal» proceedings (i.e. proceedings started by the State or other «privileged» applicants) and not yet in the course of «incidental» proceedings (i.e. proceedings concerning questions raised by national courts), despite the unanimous opinion of legal scholarship. The Constitutional Court has finally asserted its capability to play a role within the European integration process by reserving its power (through the application of the so-called counter-limits theory) to review the Italian legislation implementing the European Treaties in the unlikely hypotheses of their contrast with the fundamental principles of the national constitutional order or with the fundamental rights of the individuals
Hydrogen bonding in the crystalline state. Structure of talmessite, Ca2 (Mg, Co) (As O4)2.2H2O, and crystal chemistry of related minerals
No full textThe crystal structure of a talmessite from Bou-Azzer, Ca₂ (Mg₀,₆₅, Co₀,₃₅) (AsO₄)₂ • 2H₂O, was solved and refined (R = 0.081) in space group P[-1] by 979 reflections measured on an automatic single˗crystal diffractometer (MoKα radiation). The unit˗cell parameters are : a = 5.874 (7), b = 6.943 (11), c = 5.537 (6) Å, α = 97.3 (1), β = 108.7 (1), γ = 108.1 (2)° ; Z = 1. The structure is built up by alternating (110) layers of Ca and Mg coordination polyhedra, and is characterized by two unusually short [2.562 (15) and 2.613 (14) Å] hydrogen bonds donated by the H₂O molecule, which account for the high dehydration temperature (460° C) of this mineral. The triclinic minerals Ca₂Me (XO₄)₂ • 2H₂O (X = P or As), regarded as isostructural, are divided in two subgroups (fairfieldite and messelite ; collinsite, cassidyite, talmessite and β˗roselite) characterized by a closer isostructurality and distinguishable by the cell parameters. Thermal studies were performed on collinsite, fairfieldite and talmessite, showing a dehydration temperature increasing with the strength of hydrogen bonds.La structure cristalline d'une talmessite cobaltifère de Bou-Azzer, Ca₂ (Mg₀,₆₅, Co₀,₃₅) (AsO₄)₂ • 2H₂O, a été résolue et affinée (R = 0,081) dans le groupe spatial P[-1] par 979 réflexions mesurées à l'aide d'un difïractomètre automatique (radiation MoKα). Les paramètres de la maille sont : a = 5,874 (7), b = 6,943 (11), c = 5,537 (6) Å, α = 97,3 (1), β = 108,7 (1), γ = 108,1 (2)° ; Z = 1. La structure est formée de couches ([-1]10) alternée de polyèdres de coordination de Ca et Mg, et montre deux liaisons hydrogène très courtes [2,562 (15) et 2,613 (14) Å], données par la molécule H₂O, qui expliquent la température de déshydratation élevée (460° C) du minéral. Les minéraux tricliniques Ca₂Me (XO₄)₂ • 2H₂O (X = P ou As), considérés isostructuraux, sont divisés en deux groupes (fairfieldite et messélite ; collinsite, cassidyite, talmessite et β˗rosélite) qui sont caractérisés par une isostructuralité plus étroite et peuvent se distinguer par les paramètres de la maille. Des études thermiques sur collinsite, fairfieldite et talmessite ont montré que la température de déshydratation de ces minéraux augmente avec la force des liaisons hydrogène.Catti Michele, Ferraris Giovanni, Ivaldi Gabriella. Hydrogen bonding in the crystalline state. Structure of talmessite, Ca2 (Mg, Co) (As O4)2.2H2O, and crystal chemistry of related minerals. In: Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, volume 100, 3-4, 1977. pp. 230-236
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