1,721,025 research outputs found
An integrated approach for the climate-induced risk assessment within historic libraries combining microclimate data and modelling
No full textThe durability of historic libraries is affected by deterioration processes driven by the environmental conditions in which the collections are kept. The present research aimed to infer meaningful information from the combination of microclimate observations (i) and modelling (ii) so to outline an integrated approach to assess the climate-induced risks (iii) in historic libraries. Four historic libraries in Italy, associated with different climates, were used as case studies: theMeteorology Library of CREA (Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria) at Collegio Romano and the repository of the Alessandrina Library in Rome, the Ca’ Granda Library in Milan and the Delfiniana Library in Udine. The study of the microclimate (i) enhanced the understanding of the interaction between the heritage material properties and the environmental forcing. For the first time, a comparative study was carried out to provide useful insight into the impact on the climate-induced conservation risks for paper collections of conditioned and unconditioned microclimates in historic buildings. Modelling (ii) allowed to simulate the microclimate inside historic buildings housing the libraries using both sinusoidal heat and moisture transfer functions and whole-building dynamic simulation. For the latter method, the thermal model of the Collegio Romano Library was built in IDA ICE (Indoor Climate and Energy) environment and calibrated using on-site measurements. Then, the capability of IDA ICE extended with HMWall (Heat Air and Moisture) model was tested in the simulation of 1D hygrothermal exchanges across a wall made in paper. To this aim, the physical and hygrothermal properties of ancient and modern papers were investigated through a sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential parameters in the simulation of moisture gradients. Finally, dose-response/damage functions for library materials and NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) measurements were used to evaluate the climate-induced risks for paper collections (iii). The climate-induced risk assessment involved mechanical, chemical and biological mechanisms. The allowable microclimate bands to avoid mechanical stress to organic hygroscopic materials and the risk of wear and tears due to handling were studied to draw recommendations to limit mechanical deterioration in case of consultation and loans. The isochrones of equal expected lifetime of paper allowed to evaluate the chemical risk for different paper-based collections as a function of their intrinsic vulnerability (i.e., acidity and degree of polymerisation) and considering the typical response time of paper books to the environmental temperature and humidity changes. In addition, the Time Weighted Expected Lifetime (TWEL) index was defined to explore the effect on paper conservation of changes in the microclimate conditions resulting from climate control strategies, retrofitting measures and/or the possible future climate change. The biological threats were estimated by using Sedlbauer curves for mould germination and growth and the Brimblecombe model for potential production of cloth moth eggs. Finally, the colorimetric change on some faded book covers in the repository of the Alessandrina library was monitored over a year to estimate the photodeterioration rate due to solar exposure. The results highlighted that, at all climate zones considered, the historic libraries were characterised by high thermal inertia and moisture buffering capacity due to the combined effect of massive building envelopes, low air exchanges and large total volumes of hygroscopic materials. The modelling of the hygrothermal conditions inside paper collections showed that the relative humidity levels and fluctuations collected in the libraries would affect only the first layers of the books, showing a low impact on their conservation. Temperature was found to be a key microclimate stressor to be studied for preventive conservation of paper collections, as it controls the rate of cellulose hydrolysis and favours insect proliferation. In terms of paper chemical deterioration, the annual microclimate conditions inside the libraries would lead to the loss of their acidic collections in less than 300 years. The use of winter
heating markedly reduced the expected lifetime with respect to that estimated in the unconditioned microclimates in the same season. For this reason, the natural microclimates within historic buildings in winter could be suggested as a sustainable preservation strategy for paper collections. This result was confirmed in simulation environment reconstructing the natural microclimate in Collegio Romano Library through its validated whole-building model. The observed summer overheating is particularly alarming in view of the predicted climate change, as the expected lifetime for acidic paper was found to potentially decrease up to 46% in the Far Future (2071-2100) if compared to the Recent Past (1981-2010) scenario. Finally, although spore germination could be excluded, the risk of insect proliferation was high in all the libraries. The annual discolouration rate of the faded book covers in Alessandrina was too low to be measured; however, the estimated luminous exposure was found to be incompatible for the conservation of photosensitive materials. The integrated approach followed in this thesis enabled a wide-ranging study on the conservation of historic libraries, enhancing the understanding of the role of climate on the deterioration risks and supporting the design of rational and sustainable mitigation strategies. The same approach could be effectively adapted to most library and archival collections made of paper
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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