197,057 research outputs found
Protection Laws Relating to Animal Testingin the Kingdom of Italy: an Historical Overview: An Historical Overview
No full texthe first Italian law ruling the protection of animals used for research and testing dates back to 1913, when Italy was under the Vittorio Emanuele III’s Kingdom. Before this period, the only rules about the protection of animals were in the various Penal Codes in force within the Italian territories. The legislation included in the Penal Codes mostly covered the cruelty to animals and regulation of the use of animals for scientific purposes were not even always provided.
In the present paper, the author provides a synthetic historical overview of the main protection laws relating to animals used for research and testing between 1911 and 1941, highlighting the main juridical and ethical aspects of the use of animals for scientific purposes
In Vitro Fertilisation with Reception of Oocytes from Partner: A Transnational Case of Female Shared Biological Motherhood
No full textThe social evolution of the concept of “the family” and changes in attitudes towards homosexual couples have expanded the range of people permitted to gain access to assisted reproduction technologies, encouraging the creation of blended families. “Reception of Oocytes from Partner” (ROPA) is a treatment that permits female couples to become active participants in the reproductive process and have a biological connection to their child. This article reports a case of transnational shared motherhood, in which the Italian Supreme Court (Application no 19599, Supreme Court of Cassation, First Civil Chamber, 2016), dealt for the first time with a same-sex couple’s request concerning the
recognition of a legal child-relationship with a child conceived through in vitro fertilisation with ROPA. Although Italian law bans assisted reproduction technologies for same-sex couples, the Court acceded to the request of the couple on the basis of its evaluation of what was in the best interests of the child.
interests of the chil
Mario Monicelli's Grande Guerra: the right of living and the choice of dying
No full textMonicelli's suicide has reawakened a political and legal dispute about the medical role in end-of-life decisions, allowing us to discuss medical, ethical, legal, religious and political debate in various paradigmatic conscious and unconscious cases of end-of-life decision. We analyse the uncertainty about the 'a priori' choice between different specific legislative systems, highlighting the need for a unifying model, dictated by the existing trust in the critical relationship between patient and doctor, whose primary mission should be not only 'to cure' but also 'to care'.Monicelli's suicide has reawakened a political and legal dispute about the medical role in end-of-life decisions, allowing us to discuss medical, ethical, legal, religious and political debate in various paradigmatic conscious and unconscious cases of end-of-life decision. We analyse the uncertainty about the ‘a priori’ choice between different specific legislative systems, highlighting the need for a unifying model, dictated by the existing trust in the critical relationship between patient and doctor, whose primary mission should be not only ‘to cure’ but also ‘to care’
End-of-life care and assisted suicide: An update on the Italian situation from the perspective of the European Court of Human Rights
No full textBackground. — Italy enacted targeted legislation governing informed consent and advanced healthcare directives in 2017. No provisions of this law legalize euthanasia and/or assisted suicide. This study examines from the ethical and legal perspectives the Italian courts’ trend concerning the right to a dignified death, also through physician-assisted suicide, taking into consideration the main rulings on that subject issued by the European Court of Human Rights.
Methodology. — A literature search was conducted on social and biomedical science databases (PubMed and Scopus), over the 2000—2020 time frame, on end-of-life, euthanasia, death with dignity, assisted suicide, advance healthcare directives and palliative care. Searches on Italian and international legal cases have been conducted using the main online databases (Foro Italiano, Pluris Data, De Jure and LexisNexis), along with the official websites of the Italian Constitutional Court and ECHR.
Results. — ECHR’s trend has significantly evolved the right of EU member state’s citizens to decide when and how to end their own lives. Consistently, the Italian Constitutional Court has declared aid in suicide lawful as long as certain circumstances occur. However, opponents and certain deontological precepts still remain claiming that the legalization of assisted suicide entails more risks than benefits.
Conclusion. — Italian and European cases have highlighted a sense of powerlessness and compassion in the public opinion and institutions. The impact of the Italian Constitutional Court’s decision must be tested in clinical practice. New policies for the implementation of palliative care are necessary to uphold the right to effective and personalized treatment for those who decide to end their lives with dignity, in addition to the right to refuse healthcare treatments
[Multifaceted aspect of physician-migrant patient relationship].,Il rapporto medico-paziente migrante e la centralita{'} dell{'}approccio transculturale: problemi etico-giuridici
No full textValutazione numerico-sperimentale delle proprietà meccaniche ed elettriche omogeneizzate di uno strato di resina epossidica con polveri di PZT
No full textUn aspetto critico intrinseco dei laminati compositi è la loro limitata resistenza al carico fuori piano, potenziale di fonte di delaminazione e conseguente cedimento strutturale.
Il monitoraggio dello stato di salute strutturale (Structural Health Monitoring, SHM) è un complesso di tecniche per il monitoraggio continuo dell'innesco ed evoluzione de difetti in una struttura . Nel contesto dei compositi laminati, la ricerca si sta concentrando sullo sviluppo di sensori che combinano un'elevata sensibilità con un basso impatto produttivo e strutturale sul laminato.
Una strada promettente è quella dell'incorporazione di polvere di titanato di zirconato di piombo (PZT) all'interno di una matrice epossidica, all'interfaccia tra due pelli del laminato; questa tecnica può essere rapidamente estesa anche a giunzioni incollate. L'individuazione delle costanti elastiche, piezoelettriche e dielettriche dello strato epoxy-PZT è di interesse per la creazione del gemello digitale di un componente sensorizzato con questa tecnica. L'individuazione per via sperimentale permette di valutare solamente alcune di queste e il valore è dipendente dallo stato tensionale nello strato.
In questo lavoro perciò, i moduli elastici, le costanti piezoelettriche e le costanti dielettriche omogeneizzate dello strato epoxy-PZT sono state valutate mediante simulazione agli elementi finiti (FE) di un elemento di volume rappresentativo (Representative Volume Element, RVE). Le proprietà omogeneizzate sono state poi utilizzate in un secondo modello FE di un campione di materiale composito laminato in cui era stata introdotta la polvere PZT tra due pelli e veniva caricato in compressione. La sensibilità elettrica è stata valutata in funzione della distanza tra gli elettrodi di segnale.
I risultati mostrano che i modelli FE con le proprietà omogeneizzate dall'analisi RVE hanno una sensibilità decrescente con l'aumentare della distanza degli elettrodi, in buon accordo con i risultati sperimentali, il che dimostra la validità dell'approccio utilizzat
New italian law about end of life. Self-determination and shared care pathway
No full textIl Parlamento italiano ha recentemente approvato la legge n. 219 del 22 dicembre 2017 dal titolo “Norme in materia di consenso informato e di disposizioni anticipate di trattamento”. Il lavoro si propone di evidenziare gli aspetti chiave della nuova normativa, esplicitare il ruolo delle direttive anticipate di trattamento e fornire chiare linee operative per il personale sanitario. L’analisi della legge è stata compiuta sulla base del contesto legislativo e deontologico italiano, nonché delle pronunce giurisprudenziali in materia.
Gli autori hanno discusso le nuove regole e le principali problematiche etiche anche in relazione alla Convenzione sui Diritti dell’Uomo e la Biomedicina (Convenzione di Oviedo). La nuova legislazione affronta problematiche sinora contante alle sole sentenze giurisprudenziali, come il consenso all’atto medico, il rifiuto/revoca del trattamento medico (compresa la nutrizione e l’idratazione artificiale), il contenuto dell’informazione medica e le modalità della relativa comunicazione, la responsabilità legale del medico e, infine, il valore delle direttive di pianificazione anticipata alle cure. Secondo l’opinione degli autori, questa legge fornisce regole essenziali al fine di tutelare esplicitamente l’autonomia dei pazienti eliminando l’incertezza giuridica su temi centrali (come, per es., rifiuto dei trattamenti salvavita), che negli anni sono stati oggetto di pronunciamenti diversi e contradditori da parte dei tribunali italiani. Tuttavia, le direttive anticipate dovrebbero essere considerate come strumenti dinamici idonei a favorire la relazione tra medici e persone assistite nonché come parte integrante di una preventiva pianificazione condivisa. L’educazione degli operatori della salute e della popolazione sulle problematiche di fine vita rappresenta la base per la corretta attuazione di questa normativa.The Italian Parliament has recently approved the Law n. 219/2017 concerning "Rules on informed consent and advance directives". The manuscript points out the main key points of the new law, in order to clarify the role of the advance directives and to provide clear operational guidelines for healthcare personnel. Taking into consideration the Italian deontological and juridical context, along with the main jurisprudential judgements, the law has been analysed. The Authors discussed the new rules and the bioethical issues also in relation to the provisions stated by the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (Convention of Oviedo). The new law deals with relevant issues that were confined to jurisprudential rulings so far, such as the informed consent, the withdrawal/withholding of medical treatment (including artificial nutrition and hydration), the content of medical information, including the modalities, the medical responsibility and, finally, the value of advance directives. In the Authors' opinion this law provides essential rules to expressly strengthen the patients' autonomy, eliminating the juridical uncertainty on many central issues (such us, for example, the refusal of life-sustainment treatments) that have been the subject of contradictory judgments ruled by the Italian Courts. Nevertheless, advance directives should be regarded as a dynamic tools of relationship between physicians and assisted person and, thus, as an essential integrant part of the advance care planning. The education of health professionals and citizens about end of life issues is the basis for the successful implementation of this legislation
Physical restraint in psychiatric care: soon to fall out of use?
No full textInternational directives all recommend that using restraints on psychiatric patients should be avoided,
yet scientific literature shows that such practices are still largely in use. This article aims to lay out
strategies that could be put in place in order to gradually discard the use of restraints, particularly
through a “restraint-free” approach, nursing, logistic–environmental pathways, and locally centered
health care provision. All such tools have proven valuable for the purpose of safeguarding the health
of psychiatric patients. Hence, the failure to put in place such measures may lead to litigation and
lawsuits against physicians and particularly health care facilities. Undoubtedly, the ability to effectively
implement such methods largely depends on the financial resources available, which in countries such as
Italy are poorer than in others. Still, the risk of being sued and held professionally liable may constitute
a factor in raising awareness among operators, facilities, and public health care management, leading
to the implementation of policy changes aimed at minimizing the use of restraints
Is whole-body gestational donation without explicit consent a valid alternative to surrogate motherhood? An ethical analysis through analogy reasoning and principlist approach
No full textThe "Canone Inverso": when tobacco was not so bad. A Look Back at the Primordial Debate on the tobacco effects in the Occupational Medicine
No full textAIM: The article provides an overview on the beginning and evolutions of medical observations on tobacco induced diseases between Eighteenth and Nineteenth century.
METHODS: By searching for historical medical literature, first studies on tobacco-induced diseases focused on production risks rather than on adverse effects that the use of tobacco has for the human health.
RESULTS: The approach induced first eighteenth-century authors to define this substance as a non-pathogenic and, consequently, not to consider tobacco factories dangerous for health workers. In those years, tobacco was employed in therapy as a stimulant treatment and it was considered harmless and even healthy and preventive of several acute diseases.
CONCLUSIONS: Authors will show that studies on pathogenic effects of smoking will only start around late nineteenth century, when the idea of the healthiness of tobacco industry was already supported
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