1,721,076 research outputs found
Anatomia veterinaria regionale e applicata, con note e riferimenti alla chirurgia alla pratica osteopatica e all'agopuntura
No full textl nostro testo di Anatomia Veterinaria Regionale e Applicata descrive in maniera esauriente le regioni del corpo del gatto, del cane, del cavallo e del bovino secondo uno schema tradizionale concepito per lo studio e per l’attività pratica. Proprio per questo, dove logico, sono stati inseriti box chirurgici e anestesiologici per facilitare i medici veterinari nella loro attività quotidiana.
Abbiamo voluto aggiungere anche capitoli separati dedicati a specie di grande interesse attuale per la professione, quali il maiale, coniglio, il furetto, i roditori (ratto, topo, criceto, gerbillo, cavia) e i primati (macaco e scimpanzé).
Abbiamo anche voluto dedicare, con una scelta che a noi sembra decisamente innovativa, una parte del libro alle tecniche osteopatiche e all’agopuntura, in considerazione dell’interesse che queste discipline stanno riscuotendo presso molti professionisti.
Il libro è infine completato da una breve storia dell’Anatomia Topografica Veterinaria in Italia e in Europa e da una serie di tabelle dettagliate che riportano le inserzioni muscolari per i carnivori, il cavallo, i ruminanti e i primati.
Il volume è riccamente illustrato, con schemi, disegni e soprattutto molte immagini originali, per la maggior parte realizzate direttamente da noi nelle specie descritte: l’Anatomia è una scienza viva
The orbitofrontal cortex of the sheep. Topography, organization, neurochemistry, digital tensor imaging and comparison with the chimpanzee and human
Full text linkAreas dedicated to higher brain functions such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are thought to be unique to hominidae. The OFC is involved in social behavior, reward and punishment encoding and emotional control. Here, we focused on the putative corresponding area in the sheep to assess its homology to the OFC in humans. We used classical histology in five sheep (Ovis aries) and four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) as a six-layered-cortex primate, and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in three sheep and five human brains. Nissl’s staining exhibited a certain alteration in cortical lamination since no layer IV was found in the sheep. A reduction of the total cortical thickness was also evident together with a reduction of the prevalence of layer one and an increased layer two on the total thickness. Tractography of the sheep OFC, on the other hand, revealed similarities both with human tracts and those described in the literature, as well as a higher number of cortico-cortical fibers connecting the OFC with the visual areas in the right hemisphere. Our results evidenced the presence of the basic components necessary for complex abstract thought in the sheep and a pronounced laterality, often associated with greater efficiency of a certain function, suggested an evolutionary adaptation of this prey species
The comparison of latero-medial versus dorso-palmar/plantar drilling for cartilage removal in the proximal interphalangeal joint
No full textVascularization of the gastrointestinal tract of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821)
No full textOdontocetes primarily rely on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans as their main source of nutrition. In the digestive system, their polygastric complex exhibits similarities to that of their closest terrestrial relatives such as cows, sheep, and giraffes, while the entero-colic tract shares similarities with terrestrial carnivores. The morphology, caliber, and structure of the odontocete intestine are relatively constant, and, since there is no caecum, a distinction between the small and large intestine and their respective subdivisions is difficult. To address this issue, we used the intestinal vascularization pattern, specifically the course and branching of the celiac artery (CA) and the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries (CrMA and CdMA). A series of pictures and dissections of 10 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were analyzed. Additionally, we performed a cast by injecting colored polyurethane foam in both arteries and veins to measure the caliber of the arteries and clarify their monopodial or dichotomous branching. Our results showed the presence of multiple duodenal arteries (DAs) detaching from the CA. The CrMA gave origin to multiple jejunal arteries, an ileocolic artery (ICA), and, in six cases, a CdMA. In four specimens, the CdMA directly originated from the abdominal aorta. The ICA gave rise to the mesenteric ileal branches (MIB) and mesenteric anti-ileal branches and the right colic arteries (RCA) and the middle colic arteries. From the CdMA originated the left colic and cranial rectal arteries (LCA and CrRA). The measurements revealed a mixed monopodial and dichotomous branching scheme. The analysis of the arteries and their branching gave us an instrument, based on comparative anatomy, to distinguish between the different intestinal compartments. We used the midpoint of anastomoses between MIB and RCA to indicate the border between the small and the large intestine, and the midpoint of anastomoses between LCA and CrRA, to tell the colon from the rectum. This pattern suggested an elongation of the duodenum and a shortening of the colic tract that is still present in this species. These findings might be related to the crucial need to possess a long duodenal tract to digest prey ingested whole without chewing. A short aboral part is also functional to avoid gas-producing colic fermentation. The rare origin of the CdMA on the CrMA might instead be a consequence of the cranial thrust of the abdominopelvic organs related to the loss of the pelvic girdle that occurred during the evolution of cetaceans
Anatomical organization of the lateral cervical nucleus in Artiodactyls
No full textThe presence of the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) in different mammals, including humans, has been established in a number of anatomical research works. The LCN receives its afferent inputs from the spinocervical tract, and conveys this somatosensory information to the various brain areas, especially the thalamus. In the present study, the organization of the calf and pig LCN was examined through the use of thionine staining and immunohistochemical methods combined with morphometrical analyses. Specifically, the localization of calbindin-D28k (CB-D28k) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the LCN was investigated using the immunoperoxidase method. Calf and pig LCN appear as a clearly defined column of gray matter located in the three cranial segments of the cervical spinal cord. Thionine staining shows that polygonal neurons represent the main cell type in both species. The calf and pig LCN contained CB-D28k-immunoreactive (IR) neurons of varying sizes. Large neurons are probably involved in the generation of the cervicothalamic pathway. Small CB-D28k-IR neurons, on the other hand, could act as local interneurons. The immunoreactivity for nNOS was found to be mainly located in thin neuronal processes that could represent the terminal axonal portion of nNOS-IR found in laminae III e IV. This evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) could modulate the synaptic activity of the glutamatergic spinocervical tracts. These findings suggest that the LCN of Artiodactyls might play an important role in the transmission of somatosensory information from the spinal cord to the higher centers of the brain
Effects of Tail Docking in sheep on histological features of the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm
No full textTail docking in sheep husbandry is often performed due to tradition rather than necessity. This practice causes mild to moderate acute pain and the magnitude of the pain associated with tail removal seems to be related to length of tail removed. Ultra-short docking increases the risk of rectal and vaginal prolapse at lambing relative to sheep with longer tails and predisposes to neuroma and nerve degeneration.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the histological features of the muscles and the related nerves of the pelvic diaphragm in adult sheep subjected in the past to caudectomy as well as in intact lambs.
After euthanasia, small samples of external anal sphincter, levator ani, coccygeal muscles and branches of deep perineal nerve were obtained, processed according to the usual histological techniques and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome.
The results showed changes in shape and size of the muscle fibers of the adult sheep. In fact, enlarged or “moth-eaten” fibers were observed amidst normal sized fibers in each of the three muscles of the pelvic diaphragm; furthermore, some internal nuclei were observed. On the contrary, the lambs’ muscles appeared normal.
Conversely, the nerve fibers were found to be normal both in sheep and lambs.
The muscle abnormalities observed in tail-docked sheep suggest that caudectomy, in the long term, may predispose to prolapses.
Improved understanding of the long-term consequences of tail docking, especially the possibility of chronic pain, is needed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Localisation of recurrent laryngeal nerve motoneurons in the sheep by means of retrograde fluorescent labelling.
No full textContrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the pancreas in healthy cats
Full text linkBackground: This study describes the pattern of ultrasonographic contrast enhancement of the pancreatic body and
left lobe using a second-generation commercial contrast medium (Sonovue) in 10 clinically healthy cats.
Results: Following contrast medium administration, microbubbles were observed within the splenic artery. This was
followed by an inflow of contrast medium into the pancreatic capillary beds, providing a uniformly contrast-enhanced
pancreas at peak intensity (PI). At the time of PI, a replenishment of the splenic and portal veins started and increased
progressively during the wash-out phase. During the wash-out phase, the echogenicity of the pancreatic parenchyma
decreased progressively. Perfusion parameters included arrival time (4.69 ± 1.26 s), time to peak from injection (7.52 ±
1.88 s), time to peak from initial rise (2.84 ± 0.88 s), peak intensity (6.58 ± 2.66 a.u.), and wash-in rate (2.11 ± 1.79 a.u./s).
Conclusions: This perfusion pattern of normal pancreatic parenchyma may be useful for characterising cats with exocrine
pancreatic disorders
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