1,721,384 research outputs found
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Methodological Innovations to Assess Detection Bias and Infectious Disease Risk Factors for Dementia in Real-World Data
No full textThis dissertation applies methodological innovations in real-world data to examine three areas: (1) the extent of detection bias in electronic health record (EHR)-based research on clinical predictors of dementia, (2) the potential impact of COVID-19-related brain MRI changes on long-term dementia incidence, and (3) the association between the age at onset of herpes viral infection and dementia incidence. All three chapters utilize data from the UK Biobank, with Chapter 1 also incorporating EHR data from the All of Us Research Program. Each chapter uses a unique analytical approach. Chapter 1 presents the first empirical evidence of detection bias in EHR-based dementia research, demonstrating that healthcare encounters for common conditions increase the likelihood of dementia detection, leading to spurious associations between clinically diagnosed conditions and subsequent dementia risk. Chapter 2 finds that naturally occurring variations in imaging-derived phenotypes linked to COVID-19 are associated with higher dementia incidence, suggesting a potential neurobiological link between COVID-19 and dementia. Chapter 3 finds that individuals with a herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection before age 65 have an increased incidence of dementia compared to those without an HSV infection. This dissertation contributes to dementia epidemiology by addressing key methodological challenges and leveraging large-scale real-world data to enhance our understanding of infectious disease-related risk factors for dementia
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Benefits, pitfalls, and future design of population-based registers in neurodegenerative disease
Full text linkPopulation-based disease registers identify and characterize all cases of disease, including those that might otherwise be neglected. Prospective population-based registers in neurodegeneration are necessary to provide comprehensive data on the whole phenotypic spectrum and can guide planning of health services. With the exception of the rare disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, few complete population-based registers exist for neurodegenerative conditions. Incomplete ascertainment, limitations and uncertainty in diagnostic categorization, and failure to recognize sources of bias reduce the accuracy and usefulness of many registers. Common biases include population stratification, the use of prevalent rather than incident cases in earlier years, changes in disease understanding and diagnostic criteria, and changing demographics over time. Future registers are at risk of funding shortfalls and changes to privacy legislation. Notwithstanding, as heterogeneities of clinical phenotype and disease pathogenesis are increasingly recognized in the neurodegenerations, well-designed longitudinal population-based disease registers will be an essential requirement to complete clinical understanding of neurodegenerative diseases
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Using electronic health records to provide timely evidence for routine clinical decisions for people living with Alzheimer's Disease or Alzheimer's Related Disorders
No full textGrowing emphasis on the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) increases the demand for providers to make informed care decisions. Most of the care for people recently diagnosed with cognitive impairment or ADRD falls on primary care physicians (PCPs), as frontline providers for older adults. Many of the clinical decisions PCPs face when caring for patients with cognitive impairment are not currently supported by robust evidence. Given the heterogeneity of cognitive impairments and dementias and the expense of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), we cannot rely exclusively on RCTs to provide evidence for clinical decisions across the range of conditions and unique patient or family considerations. Unclear guidelines on treatment strategies lead to large inconsistencies in how patients are treated, potentially causing harm and exacerbating health inequities. There is a large and growing need for evidence on best practices in early dementia care using accessible, timely data, and rigorous methods. Centering causal inference, this dissertation rigorously evaluates three important clinical decisions commonly encountered by PCPs caring for patients experiencing cognitive decline. Additionally, this dissertation leverages electronic health records from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) or health systems within the larger University of California (UC) system. Chapter 1 uses both traditional observational and econometric methods to explore whether referral to specialty memory care at first diagnosis of impairment improves patient outcomes. Chapter 2 applies an emulated target trial design to investigate whether prescriptions for antidementia medications (memantine or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) are associated with patient outcomes. Finally, many conditions, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), though not specific to patients with cognitive impairment, are more common among this population. Among people with cognitive impairment, inappropriate UTI management, specifically discordant antibiotics, may be especially harmful. Chapter 3 evaluates the performance of LASSO models predicting discordant antibiotic treatment among older adults with suspected UTIs. This dissertation demonstrates how to leverage EHRs to evaluate the efficacy of current and future innovations in dementia clinical care across diverse patients. Additionally, this work includes in-depth discussion of the limitations of causal inference methods and EHRs in this applied setting
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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