1,721,012 research outputs found
Socioeconomic impacts of marine protected areas in the Mediterranean and Black Seas
Full text linkThe socioeconomic implications of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and perceptions of stakeholders on MPA impacts are important to consider when designing, implementing, and managing MPAs. However, the currently available knowledge about these areas and especially of stakeholder perceptions is scarce and limited to restricted geographic areas. The present study aims to address this gap by examining these factors in the Mediterranean and Black Seas using an extensive literature review and an online survey approach. We collated and examined a total of 208 published studies on socioeconomic impacts of MPAs and marine uses. We found that for fishing, the socioeconomic impacts of MPAs were generally perceived as negative for industrial fishing and positive for artisanal fishing. In the online survey, we collected ca. 100 responses and found that stakeholder perceptions on the impacts of MPAs differ across sectors and regions. Industrial fishing was perceived as being negatively impacted in the Black Sea, while most respondents from the Mediterranean Sea were neutral in their responses relating industrial fishing and MPAs. The impact of MPAs on artisanal and recreational fishing was generally viewed as neutral by respondents from the Black Sea, whereas most Mediterranean respondents indicated a positive impact of MPAs. We also found that perceptions of the major threats to MPAs differed across the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Responses from the Black Sea were systematically shifted towards a more negative perception of threats to MPAs compared to those from the Mediterranean Sea. Illegal fishing and other illegal activities were considered to be the most relevant threats to MPAs by stakeholders in both regions. The mismatch found between evidence of MPA effectiveness and impacts from the scientific literature and the results of our survey suggests that within the framework of maritime spatial planning and ecosystem-based management, effective MPA planning should be informed by multiple sources across regions
Space invaders; biological invasions in marine conservation planning
No full textGiakoumi, Sylvaine ... et al.-- 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, supporting information https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12491.-- Data accessibility: Critical habitats GIS layers (distribution of seagrass meadows Posidonia oceanica and coralligenous formations) used in this article are available on MedOBIS database: http://lifewww-00.her.hcmr.gr:8080/medobis/resource.do?r=posidonia, http://life
www-00.her.hcmr.gr:8080/medobis/resource.do?r=coralligenous.
Endemic fish GIS layers are available on Ecological Archives:
http://www.esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E096/203/#dataAim: Biological invasions are major contributors to global change and native biodiversity decline. However, they are overlooked in marine conservation plans. Here, we examine for the first time the extent to which marine conservation planning research has addressed (or ignored) biological invasions. Furthermore, we explore the change of spatial priorities in conservation plans when different approaches are used to incorporate the presence and impacts of invasive species. Location: Global analysis with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea region. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review consisting of three steps: (1) article selection using a search engine, (2) abstract screening and (3) review of pertinent articles, which were identified in the second step. The information extracted included the scale and geographical location of each case study as well as the approach followed regarding invasive species. We also applied the software Marxan to produce and compare conservation plans for the Mediterranean Sea that either protect, or avoid areas impacted by invasives, or ignore the issue. One case study focused on the protection of critical habitats, and the other on endemic fish species. Results: We found that of 119 papers on marine spatial plans in specific biogeographic regions, only three (2.5%) explicitly took into account invasive species. When comparing the different conservation plans for each case study, we found that the majority of selected sites for protection (ca. 80%) changed in the critical habitat case study, while this proportion was lower but substantial (27%) in the endemic fish species case study. Main conclusions: Biological invasions are being widely disregarded when planning for conservation in the marine environment across local to global scales. More explicit consideration of biological invasions can significantly alter spatial conservation priorities. Future conservation plans should explicitly account for biological invasions to optimize the selection of marine protected areasG. was supported by ARC CEED (University of Queensland) funding and the ANR project PAVIS; S. Kark by the Australian Research Council; J.C. by ERa-Net BiodivERsA (BUFFER project); R.D. by the programme DEVOTES (7FP); S.F. by the EU Project COCONET (7FP, Grant Agreement No. 287844); M.C. by a Marie Curie Career Integration Grant Fellowship (PCIG10-GA-2011-303534); and J.B.L by a post-doctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/74400/2010) from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. F.M. acknowledges the support of the Pew Charitable TrustPeer Reviewe
Designing a network of marine reserves based on the principles of systematic conservation planning: the Cyclades Archipelago case study
No full textSublittoral ecosystems present a high biodiversity and provide many important services to humans. Αt the same time, these ecosystems are subjected to anthropogenic pressures such as pollution and fishing. Marine reserves, where extractive activities are not allowed, are increasingly being used to protect marine ecosystems worldwide. In situ visual surveys were carried out at 233 sampling sites in 26 islands of the Cyclades Archipelago, to collect data on: fish and sea urchin species abundance, presence of habitat types, and percent coverage of seagrasses and macroalgae. Those data were used to: 1) explore the fish community structure and its relations to habitat and topographic complexity (paper 1), 2) investigate the relationships among fish, sea urchins and macroalgae (paper 2) and 3) determine priorities for the location of coastal marine reserves in the study area (paper 3). Substrate type was found to be a determinant factor affecting the structure and composition of fish assemblages, in contrast to hard substrate topographic complexity. Moreover, the results of the present study did not support the trophic cascade hypothesis (involving predatory fish, sea urchins and macroalgae) as top-down control relationships were not detected. These results provide a baseline for future evaluation of the changes that will be produced by potential management measures such as the establishment of marine reserves, which is proposed in the last paper. Spatial prioritization software was applied to identity areas to protect biodiversity cost effectively. Novel socio-economic cost indices were created to account for fisheries and tourists. The results devised using systematic conservation planning approaches were compared, for the first time in the Mediterranean, with priorities developed by two non-systematic methods, the Natura 2000 proposed marine reserves and sites that local fishers proposed for protection. Only a few sites identified by the systematic approach were the same as those recommended as part of Natura 2000 or the fishers’ proposals.Τα οικοσυστήματα της υποπαραλιακής ζώνης παρουσιάζουν μεγάλη βιοποικιλότητα και παρέχουν σημαντικές υπηρεσίες στον άνθρωπο. Ωστόσο, υπόκεινται σε μεγάλες σε ανθρωπογενείς πιέσεις όπως η μόλυνση και η αλιεία. Παγκοσμίως, αυξάνεται η δημιουργία θαλασσίων αποθεμάτων, περιοχών όπου δεν επιτρέπεται η απόληψη πόρων, για την προστασία των θαλασσίων οικοσυστημάτων. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οπτικές μέθοδοι δειγματοληψίας σε 233 σταθμούς 26 νησιών του Αρχιπελάγους των Κυκλάδων για τη συλλογή στοιχείων που αφορούσαν: την αφθονία ειδών ιχθύων και αχινών, παρουσία ειδών ενδιαιτημάτων και ποσοστιαία κάλυψη φανερογάμων και μακροφυκών. Τα δεδομένα αυτά χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για: 1) τη μελέτη της δομής των ιχθυοκοινοτήτων και των σχέσεων τους με το ενδιαίτημα και την τοπογραφική πολυπλοκότητα (άρθρο 1), 2) τη διερεύνηση των σχέσεων μεταξύ ιχθύων, αχινών και μακροφυκών (άρθρο 2) και 3) τον καθορισμό προτεραιοτήτων για τη χωροθέτηση θαλασσίων αποθεμάτων στην περιοχή μελέτης (άρθρο3). Το είδος του υποστρώματος βρέθηκε να είναι καθοριστικός παράγοντας στη διαμόρφωση της δομής και της σύνθεσης των συναθροίσεων των ιχθύων, σε αντίθεση με την τοπογραφική πολυπλοκότητα του σκληρού υποστρώματος. Επίσης, τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας μελέτης δεν υποστηρίζουν την υπόθεση της τροφικής αλυσιδωτής επίδρασης (trophic cascade),που αφορά ιχθύες-θηρευτές, αχινούς και μακρόφυκη, καθώς έλεγχος από τα ανώτερα προς τα κατώτερα τροφικά επίπεδα δε διαπιστώθηκε. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της μελέτης παρέχουν μια βάση για την αξιολόγηση μελλοντικών αλλαγών που μπορεί να επέλθουν ως αποτέλεσμα πιθανών διαχειριστικών μέτρων, όπως η δημιουργία θαλασσίων αποθεμάτων, μέτρο το οποίο προτείνεται στο τελευταίο άρθρο. Χρησιμοποιήθηκε λογισμικό πρόγραμμα για τη χωροθέτηση περιοχών προτεραιοτήτων για την προστασία της βιοποικιλότητας με οικονομικά αποδοτικό τρόπο. Δημιουργήθηκαν πρωτότυποι δείκτες κόστους για κοινωνικο-οικονομικούς παράγοντες, συγκεκριμένα την αλιεία και τον τουρισμό. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της συστηματικής προσέγγισης συγκρίθηκαν κατόπιν, για πρώτη φορά στη Μεσόγειο, με περιοχές για προστασία προτεινόμενες από δύο μη συστηματικές προσεγγίσεις: το δίκτυο Natura 2000 και τις προτάσεις των αλιέων. Λιγοστές ήταν οι κοινές περιοχές μεταξύ των τριών προσεγγίσεων
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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