711 research outputs found
Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) dinoflagellate cyst zonation of Nayband Formation, Tabas Block, East - Central Iran
No full textDue to lack of well-preserved fossils and appropriate data on the Upper Triassic strata in Iranian Plate and impor- tance of the strata in terms of hydrocarbon source potential, paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate investigations of Tethys basin. In this research we applied a palynological study on the Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) Nayband Formation, East- Central Iran, to evaluate precise age of the rock unit, its stratigraphic framework and related palaeoenvironmental changes. The studied section attains a thickness of 800 meters and consists of shales, sand- stones and some interbedded limestones. Palynological assessments deduced reasonably diverse and moderately preserved terrestrial and marine palynomorphs which lead to identification of Rhaetogonyaulax rhaetica Zone of the Rhaetogonyaulax Superzone and led to an age of Norian-Rhaetian for the rock units. The recovered palynoflo- ras comprise 23 species belong to 15 genera, including radially symmetrical and monolete spores. Representatives of trilete spores as Dictyophyllidites mortonii, Kyrtomisporis laevigatus, and Gleicheiniidites senonicus are essen- tially abundant in the palynofloras examined. The assigned age is also confirmed by the association of some key misopore species as Annulispora folliculosa and Polycingulatisporites mooniensis. The recovered dinoflagellate cysts exhibit close resemblances with those recorded in Australia, Northwest Europe, Arctic Canada and North- ern Iran. Additionally, based on the detected marine palynomorph associations, accompanied by spore grains, a nearshore depositional environment has been suggested for the studied deposits in Tabas Block of Iran
A MONOTYPIC STAND OF NEOCALAMITES IRANENSIS N. SP. FROM THE CARNIAN PLUVIAL EPISODE (LATE TRIASSIC) OF THE AGHDARBAND AREA, NE IRAN (TURAN PLATE)
No full textThe Aghdarband Basin in the Kopeh-Dagh Range (NE Iran) is one of the most important areas for unraveling the evolution of the Turan plate (southern margin of Eurasia) during the last phase of the closure of the Paleotethys and to reconstruct the history of the Cimmerian blocks just before their collision with Eurasia during the early Late Triassic. The youngest sediments affected by the Early Cimmerian orogeny are those of the Upper Triassic Miankuhi Formation, which covers unconformably the Upper Triassic (lower Carnian) marine beds of the Sina Formation by an interval of continental facies including local conglomerates, cross-bedded sandstones, mudstone layers, silty shales, an up to one-meter thick coal layer with plant remains, and shales. The plant assemblages represent a relatively wide variety of different forms (sphenophytes, ginkgophytes, conifers, and incertis sedis), documenting wetlands with lush vegetation typical of warm and humid environments. In this study, we describe a plant fossil assemblage from the base of the Miankuhi Fm., dominated by roots and vegetative organs of Neocalamites iranensis n. sp., with few plant fossils of uncertain botanical affinity. Palynological investigations of the basal part of the Miankuhi Formation confirm a latest early Carnian to late Carnian age for this interval and reveal, for the first time, a clear link between this plant-bearing bed, and a time of global environmental changes, the Carnian Pluvial Episode. This is the first report of the Carnian Pluvial Episode in the Turan plate (southern margin of Eurasia) and Iran
Disentangling climate signal from tectonic forcing: The Triassic Aghdarband Basin (Turan Domain, Iran)
No full textThe Middle–Upper Triassic Aghdarband Basin, NE Iran, consists of a strongly deformed marine and non-marine stratigraphic succession, deposited along the southern margin of Asia in a highly complex tectonic context related to a back-arc setting. The youngest deformed units of the Aghdarband area consist of a rather monotonous sequence of brown-colored shales, with intercalations of siltstones and fine-grained sandstones forming the Miankuhi Formation. The shale-dominated Miankuhi Formation rests on an unconformity surface, separating it from the underlying Sina Formation. A multidisciplinary study based on sedimentological, palynological, and paleobotanical data permits to reconstruct the depositional environments, sedimentary evolution, and paleoclimate conditions of the upper Sina and the lowermost Miankuhi formations. The palynological association of the lowermost part of the Miankuhi Formation yielded sporomorphs of the latest early Carnian to early late Carnian age. Qualitative and quantitative analyses document a shift from xerophytic associations in the upper Ladinian (upper Sina Formation) to hygrophytic assemblages in the Carnian (lower Miankuhi Formation). This increase in hygrophytic elements is also observed in coeval Tethyan outcrops at the same latitudinal belt, suggests a more humid climate in the lower part of the Miankuhi Formation, and correlates this part of the succession
with a record of the Carnian Pluvial Episode. The sedimentological and stratigraphical analyses show an evolution from prodelta to delta setting in the upper Sina Formation, then an unconformity enhanced by an interval of fluvial deposits with histosol levels in the basal Miankuhi Formation, in correspondence with the hygrophytic assemblages. The unconformable boundary between the Miankuhi and the Sina formations is, consequently, interpreted as a result of the sea-level fall associated with the humid climate shift, occurring in close association with the first effects of the Eo-Cimmerian Orogeny along the suture zone, taking to a regional reorganization of the basins architecture and the end of volcanic activity in the back-arc region. The main deformations related to the Eo-Cimmerian event thus, correspond in the Aghdarband Basin to the tectonic event that deformed the Miankuhi Formation. This event is probably older than the middle Norian (217.1 ± 1.7 Ma) but younger than the late Carnian, testifying to a diachronicity in the record of collision along the Iranian Cimmerian blocks and Southern Laurasia according to the different considered structural positions
33 Tips to Maximize Articles’ Citation Frequency
No full textThe number of citations contributes to over 30% in the university rankings. Therefore, most of the scientists are looking for an effective method to increase their citation record. On the other hand, increase research visibility in the academic world in order to receive comments and citations from fellow researchers across the globe, is essential.
Publishing a high quality paper in scientific journals is only the mid point towards receiving citation in the future. The balance of the journey is completed by disseminating the publications by using the proper “Research Tools”. This presentation provides 33 different tips for increasing the citation frequencies.Cite as: Nader Ale Ebrahim. "33 Tips to Maximize Articles’ Citation Frequency" Equitable Society Research Cluster (ESRC)-Research Seminar 2014. Eastin Hotel, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Jun. 2014. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/aleebrahim/8
Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology *Corresponding author AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GRAVITY DRAINAGE DURING IMMISCIBLE GAS INJECTION IN CARBONATE ROCKS UNDER RESERVOIR CONDITIONS
No full textABSTRACT Gravity drainage is one of the important recovery mechanisms in fractured carbonate and conventional reservoirs. It occurs due to density difference between the gas in fracture and the oil in matrix as well as in conventional tilted reservoirs. Oil phase will form films which are produced under gravity forces (film flow). Many gas injection experiments have been done on laboratory scales with dead oil, but, herein, we would like to recombine oil under reservoir conditions. In this paper, the gravity drainage process is considered during immiscible gas injection in carbonate core saturated with recombined oil at reservoir temperature and pressure. Recombined oil was prepared from dead oil and a solvent (methane and propane) mixed in recombination apparatus. In these experiments, nitrogen gas is injected in a single matrix block at different rates and directions. Since the recovery of oil depends on the gas injection flow rate, the recovery of oil is maximized at a specific flow rate. The results show that gas injection at gravity drainage rate gives the maximum recovery, and ultimate recovery decreases at much higher injection rates. Comparing the gas injection results in horizontal and vertical directions shows that the recovery is higher in the vertical direction than the horizontal direction
Accountability in Complex Organizations: World Bank Responses to Civil Society
No full textCivil society actors have been pushing for greater accountability of the World Bank for at least three decades. This paper outlines the range of accountability mechanisms currently in place at the World Bank along four basic levels: (1) staff, (2) project, (3) policy, and (4) board governance. We argue that civil society organizations have been influential in pushing for greater accountability at the project and policy levels, particularly through the establishment and enforcement of social and environmental safeguards and complaint and response mechanisms. But they have been much less successful in changing staff incentives for accountability to affected communities, or in improving board accountability through greater transparency in decision making, more representative vote allocation, or better parliamentary scrutiny. In other words, although civil society efforts have led to some gains in accountability with respect to Bank policies and projects, the deeper structural features of the institution - the incentives staff face and how the institution is governed- remain largely unchanged.
In Memory of Professor Ebrahim Behdad
No full textProfessor Ebrahim Behad, emeritus professor of Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan Center, and professor at Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan branch passed away at the age of 85 on March 2021. Despite administrative responsibilities, he is the author of several books which some are references mostly for undergraduate students. His key role in holding two rounds of the Iranian Plant Protection Congress is memorable. Also, he published some peer-reviewed scientific articles and a lot of extension booklets and was involved in teaching and supervision the postgraduate students, mainly at the Isfahan University of Technology
Equality of Google Scholar with Web of Science Citations: Case of Malaysian Engineering Highly Cited Papers
No full textThis study uses citation analysis from two citation tracking databases, Google Scholar (GS) and ISI Web of Science, in order to test the correlation between them and examine the effect of the number of paper versions on citations. The data were retrieved from the Essential Science Indicators and Google Scholar for 101 highly cited papers from Malaysia in the field of engineering. An equation for estimating the citation in ISI based on Google scholar is offered. The results show a significant and positive relationship between both citation in Google Scholar and ISI Web of Science with the number of versions. This relationship is higher between versions and ISI citations (r = 0.395, p<0.01) than between versions and Google Scholar citations (r = 0.315, p<0.01). Free access to data provided by Google Scholar and the correlation to get ISI citation which is costly, allow more transparency in tenure reviews, funding agency and other science policy, to count citations and analyze scholars’ performance more precisely.Ale Ebrahim, N., Salehi, H., Embi, M. A., Danaee, M., Mohammadjafari, M., Zavvari, A., . . . Shahbazi-Moghadam, M. (2014). Equality of Google Scholar with Web of Science Citations: Case of Malaysian Engineering Highly Cited Papers. Modern Applied Science, 8(5), 63-69. doi: 10.5539/mas.v8n5p6
High resolution planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Gurpi Formation, K/Pg boundary of the Izeh Zone, SW Iran
No full textPalaeoenvironmental study and sequence stratigraphy of Sanghaneh Formation in Qalehjegh section (North of Bojnord) using organic matter contents of the rock unit
No full textIntroduction Kopeh-Dagh basin is located northeast of Iran and in this basin the sedimentary beds began from middle Jurassic. The Sanghaneh Formation is one of the lower Cretaceous rock units in sections. One of the important fossils group are palynomorphs that described very abundant in this formation. Dinocysts diversity on this formation is more than other palynomorph groups. Palynological studies are done by keshmiry et al. (2014), davtalab et al. (2007) and etc. This formation here is laying on Sarcheshmeh Formation and is covered by Aitamir Formation. The age of this formation in the Qalehjegh section based on the dinoflagellate assemblage, is Late Aptian – Early Albian. Purpose of this research is palaeoenvironmental study base on palynofacies interprets and to separate sedimentary sequence Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary basin. Qalehjegh section is located between 57 ˚ 23 ’ 03 ” E and 37 ˚ 43 ’ 17 ” N. The formation comprises mainly calcareous shale and shale with siltstone and interlaminations of limestone and argillaceous limestone. The Sanghaneh Formation is studied base on several group of fossils in other using organic matter contents of the rock unit. Material & Methods For palaeoenvironmental and sequence stratigraphy purposes, 127 rock samples collected from the formation and prepared in the palynology laboratory.Standard preparation methods were used (Traverse 2007). Cold hydrochloric (30%) and hydrofluoric (30%) acids were used to dissolve carbonates and silicates. No oxidants or alkalis were used. The residue was neutralized and centrifuged in ZnCl2 (specific gravity 1.9), then sieved at 20 µm using a nylon mesh, and mounted on microscope slides using liquid Canada balsam and then the slides were examined in the transmittal microscope. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Palaeoenvironmental interpretation: Three main groups of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) can be distinguished: (1) amorphous organic matter (AOM), (2) phytoclasts including black and translucent matter and (3) palynomorphs including (dinocysts, acritarchs, foraminifera linings, spores and pollen grains). Compositional changes in palynofacies are useful in palaeoenvironmental interpretations of sedimentary rocks (Tyson, 1993). The results of all are plotted on an AOM– Phytoclasts–Palynomorphs ternary diagram after Tyson (1995). Studying Sanghaneh Formation in Qalehjegh section based on the three major groups of organic matter debris found in palynology slides (Palynomacerals or Phytoclasts, Marine Palynomorphs and Amorphous Organic Matters), four types of palynofacies were recognised: palynofacies II: Marginal basin, III: Proximal shelf, IV: Shelf to basin transition, V: Distal shelf. Pf1: This palynofacies is marked by an increase in phytoclasts content (65-90%) compared to palynofacies III and IV, and low frequency of marine palynomorphs (5-15%) and AOM (5-25%). AOM diluted by high phytoclast input, but AOM preservation moderates to good. Generally low AOM preservation. This facies was represented Marginal dysoxic - anoxic basin . It represents type II kerogen of Tyson. This palynofacies was recognised in samples 1058, 1053, 1040, 970, 963, 918, 907, 820, 808, 772, 762, 759, 750, 744, 4946, 4944, 4907, 4894 and 4892. Pf2: This facies is characterized by high phytoclasts (50-80%), low AOM (5-15 %) and common marine palynomorphs (15-45%). This facies was represented Heterolithic oxic shelf ("proximal shelf") and it was represented type III kerogen of Tyson (1993). This palynofacies was founded in samples 1036, 1012, 991, 987, 983, 978, 974, 952, 942, 931, 922, 910, 904, 899, 897, 885, 859, 841, 833, 830, 827, 816, 810, 791, 781, 766, 756, 5012, 5007, 5005, 5003, 5000, 4998, 4991, 4980, 4942, 4928, 4926, 4922, 4920, 4916, 4914, 4909, 4888, 4884, 4882, 4878, 4872 and 4870. Pf3: This is characterized by low marine palynomorphs (10-25%), 4-45% AOM and a predominance of phytoclasts 40-80% of the total particulate organic matter [POM]). The facies is proportionate with fourth palynofacies (IV) of Tyson (1993). This facies is represented Shelf to basin transition and it was recognised in samples 1061, 1042, 1032, 1028, 1027, 1017, 1004, 966, 950, 948, 945, 934, 881, 877, 874, 869, 855, 851, 845, 838, 813, 806, 802, 794, 774, 5016, 5014, 5010, 4994, 4989, 4975, 4966, 4948, 4940, 4932, 4924, 4918, 4912, 4898, 4896, 4890, 4886, 4880 and 4874. Pf4: This facies is characterized by a moderate to high abundance of Marine palynomorphs (30–70%), a moderate abundance of phytoclasts (20–45%) and a low to moderate abundance of AOM (5–30%). Rising of marine palynomorphs depends to offshore condition. The facies is proportionate with fifth palynofacies (IV) of Tyson (1993) and it represented distal shelf sedimentary environment. This palynofacies was founded in samples 1024, 1020, 1008, 955, 939, 894, 889, 879, 865, 788, 786, 4959, 4938, 4903 and 4901. Federova (1977) and Duringer & Doubinger (1985) have used plots of spores, pollen, and microplankton in a ternary diagram to indicate general depositional environments and associated regressive-transgressive trends. This ternary is considered here as a useful tool for recognizing and indicating the possible depositional environments and changes in trends of marine sedimentation. Based on this plot, sedimentary environment of Sanghaneh Formation recommended as from shallow marine (neritic) to offshore (moderately deep). Assimilating palynofacies with palynology plot data, sedimentary environment setting of the formation on Qalehjegh section is recommended shelf area and with a suboxic-dysoxic conditions. Separating sequences of the Sanghaneh Formation: One of approach in sequence stratigraphy is using from palaynologycal agents. In this study is used almost some agents of palynology to separate sequences. The palaynologycal agents used here is inclusive: phytoclacts percentage, opaque phytoclasts percentage, brown phytoclasts percentage, opaque to brown phytoclasts ratio, cubic to lath opaque phytoclasts ratio, AOM percentage, terrestrial palynomorphs absolute abundance, marine palynomorphs percentage and dinocysts diversity. In Transgressive System Tract (TST) is increased marine palynomorphs (Leckie et al. 1992), AOM (Tyson 1993), dinocysts diversity (Habib 1982) and lath opaque phytoclasts contents. In contrast in this systems tract phytoclasts contents (Tyson 1993) and terrestrial palynomorphs are decreased (e.g. Habib 1982). But from TST to Highstand System Tract (HST) is descended marine palynomorphs, AOM, dinocysts diversity and lath opaque phytoclasts contents and phytoclasts, terrestrial palynomorphs and cubic opaque phytoclasts contents is ascended. In sequence boundary brown phytoclasts content and terrestrial palynomorphs are abundant (Tyson 1993) and in maximum flooding surface (mfs) opaque phytoclasts contents and marine palynomorphs are most abundant (Habib 1982). Based on palynofacies analysis tree genetic stratigraphic sequences (A, B and C) w ere recognized. Genetic sequence A is extended until depth of 0-720 m. In this sequence TST started may be is part of the Sarcheshmeh Formation until depth of 350 m, and HST was begun from depth of 350-720 m. Genetic sequence B is bounded by the sequence boundary A (Sb1) and the sequence boundary B (Sb2). It is started form depth of 720-1350 m. HST and HST is placed from 720-1140 and 1140-1350 m. Genetic sequence C is bounded from down by the sequence boundary C (Sb3) and up boundary is not distinct.In this sequence TST is started from depth of 1350-1600 m and HST is started from 1600 m and continues to end of the formation. Studying the Sanghaneh Formation in Qalehjegh section based on the three major groups of organic matter debris found in palynology slides, four types of palynofacies were recognized: II, III, IV and V. According to palynofacies analysis, the formation depositional setting varies from shallow to moderately deep environment under suboxic-dysoxic conditions. In the interpreted palaeoenvironment using ternary palynomorph plot, it is recommended that sedimentary environment of the formation is shallow marine to offshore. Statistical studies on palynofacies factors and palynomorphs plot represent sedimentary environment setting of Sanghaneh Formation in Qalehjegh section as a shelf area with suboxic-dysoxic conditions. Similarly the stratigraphic analysis of palynofacies changes led to the separation of three sequences with their boundaries
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