1,721,157 research outputs found
Multi-Wavelength Observations Of The Flaring Gamma-Ray Blazar 3c 66a In 2008 October
Get PDFThe BL Lacertae object 3C 66A was detected in a flaring state by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and VERITAS in 2008 October. In addition to these gamma-ray observations, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, PAIRITEL, MDM, ATOM, Swift, and Chandra provided radio to X-ray coverage. The available light curves show variability and, in particular, correlated flares are observed in the optical and Fermi-LAT gamma-ray band. The resulting spectral energy distribution can be well fitted using standard leptonic models with and without an external radiation field for inverse Compton scattering. It is found, however, that only the model with an external radiation field can accommodate the intra-night variability observed at optical wavelengths
AGILE, Fermi, Swift, and GASP/WEBT multi-wavelength observations of the high-redshift blazar 4C +71.07 in outburst
Get PDFContext. The flat-spectrum radio quasar 4C +71.07 is a high-redshift (z = 2.172), gamma-loud blazar whose optical emission is dominated by thermal radiation from the accretion disc. Aims. 4C +71.07 has been detected in outburst twice by the AGILE gamma-ray satellite during the period from the end of October to mid-November 2015, when it reached a gamma-ray flux of the order of F(E > 100 MeV) = (1.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(-6) photons cm (2) s(-1) and F(E > 100 MeV) = (3.1 +/- 0.6) x 10(-6) photons cm(-2) s(-1), respectively, allowing us to investigate the properties of the jet and the emission region. Methods. We investigated its spectral energy distribution by means of almost-simultaneous observations covering the cm, mm, near-infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray energy bands obtained by the GASP-WEBT Consortium and the Swift, AGILE, and Fermi satellites. Results. The spectral energy distribution of the second gamma-ray flare (whose energy coverage is more dense) can be modelled by means of a one-zone leptonic model, yielding a total jet power of about 4 x 10(47) erg s(-1). Conclusions. During the most prominent gamma-ray flaring period our model is consistent with a dissipation region within the broad-line region. Moreover, this class of high-redshift, flat-spectrum radio quasars with high-mass black holes might be good targets for future gamma-ray satellites such as e-ASTROGAM.Peer reviewe
AGILE, Fermi, Swift, and GASP/WEBT multi-wavelength observations of the high-redshift blazar 4C +71.07 in outburst
No full text© ESO 2019. Context. The flat-spectrum radio quasar 4C +71.07 is a high-redshift (z = 2.172), γ-loud blazar whose optical emission is dominated by thermal radiation from the accretion disc. Aims. 4C +71.07 has been detected in outburst twice by the AGILE γ-ray satellite during the period from the end of October to mid-November 2015, when it reached a γ-ray flux of the order of F(E > 100 MeV)=(1.2 ± 0.3)×10 -6 photons cm -2 s -1 and F(E > 100 MeV)=(3.1 ± 0.6)×10 -6 photons cm -2 s -1 , respectively, allowing us to investigate the properties of the jet and the emission region. Methods. We investigated its spectral energy distribution by means of almost-simultaneous observations covering the cm, mm, near-infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and γ-ray energy bands obtained by the GASP-WEBT Consortium and the Swift, AGILE, and Fermi satellites. Results. The spectral energy distribution of the second γ-ray flare (whose energy coverage is more dense) can be modelled by means of a one-zone leptonic model, yielding a total jet power of about 4 × 10 47 erg s -1 . Conclusions. During the most prominent γ-ray flaring period our model is consistent with a dissipation region within the broad-line region. Moreover, this class of high-redshift, flat-spectrum radio quasars with high-mass black holes might be good targets for future γ-ray satellites such as e-ASTROGAM
Exceptional outburst of the blazar CTA 102 in 2012: the GASP–WEBT campaign and its extension
Get PDFAfter several years of quiescence, the blazar CTA 102 underwent an exceptional outburst in 2012 September-October. The flare was tracked from gamma-ray to near-infrared (NIR) frequencies, including Fermi and Swift data as well as photometric and polarimetric data from several observatories. An intensive Glast-Agile support programme of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (GASP-WEBT) collaboration campaign in optical and NIR bands, with an addition of previously unpublished archival data and extension through fall 2015, allows comparison of this outburst with the previous activity period of this blazar in 2004-2005. We find remarkable similarity between the optical and gamma-ray behaviour of CTA 102 during the outburst, with a time lag between the two light curves of approximate to 1 h, indicative of cospatiality of the optical and gamma-ray emission regions. The relation between the gamma-ray and optical fluxes is consistent with the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) mechanism, with a quadratic dependence of the SSC gamma -ray flux on the synchrotron optical flux evident in the post-outburst stage. However, the gamma -ray/optical relationship is linear during the outburst; we attribute this to changes in the Doppler factor. A strong harder-when-brighter spectral dependence is seen both the in gamma-ray and optical non-thermal emission. This hardening can be explained by convexity of the UV-NIR spectrum that moves to higher frequencies owing to an increased Doppler shift as the viewing angle decreases during the outburst stage. The overall pattern of Stokes parameter variations agrees with a model of a radiating blob or shock wave that moves along a helical path down the jet.Russian RFBR [15-02-00949]; St. Petersburg University [6.38.335.2015, 6.42.1113.2016]; NASA [NNX08AV65G, NNX10AO59G, NNX10AU15G, NNX11AO37G, NNX11AQ03G, NNX14AQ58G, NNX09AU10G, NNX12AO93G]; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) [AYA2013-40825-P]; MINECO; NSF; BU; Lowell Observatory; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Sciences [DO 02-137 (BIn-13/09)]; Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences [F2-FA-F027]This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]
AGILE detection of a rapid gamma-ray flare from the blazar PKS 1510-089 during the GASP-WEBT monitoring
No full textWe report the detection by the AGILE satellite of a rapid gamma-ray flare from the source 1AGL J1511-0908, associated with the powerful gamma-ray quasar PKS 1510-089, during a pointing centered on the Galactic center region from 1 March to 30 March 2008. This source has been continuosly monitored in the radio-to-optical bands by the GLAST-AGILE Support Program (GASP) of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT). Moreover, the gamma-ray flaring episode triggered three ToO observations by the Swift satellite in three consecutive days, starting from 20 March 2008. The quasi-simultaneous radio-to-optical, UV, X-ray and gamma-ray coverage allows us to make a detailed study of the multifrequency time evolution, the spectral energy distribution of this source, and its theoretical interpretation based on the synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) emission mechanisms. Methods. During the radio-to-optical monitoring provided by the GASP-WEBT, AGILE observed the source with its two co-aligned imagers, the gamma-ray imaging detector (GRID) and the hard X-ray imager (SuperAGILE), which are sensitive in the 30 MeV-30 GeV and 18-60 keV energy bands, respectively. Results. In the period 1-16 March 2008, AGILE detected gamma-ray emission from PKS 1510-089 at a significance level of 6.2-sigma with an average flux over the entire period of (84 +/- 17) x 10(-8) photons cm(-2) s(-1) for photon energies above 100 MeV. After a predefined satellite re-pointing, between 17 and 21 March 2008, AGILE detected the source at a significance level of 7.3-sigma, with an average flux (E > 100 MeV) of (134 +/- 29) x 10(-8) photons cm-2 s-1 and a peak level of (281 +/- 68) x 10(-8) photons cm(-2) s(-1) with daily integration. During the observing period January-April 2008, the source also showed an intense and variable optical activity, with several flaring episodes and a significant increase in the flux was observed at millimetric frequencies. Moreover, in the X-ray band, the Swift/XRT observations seem to show a harder-when-brighter behavior of the source spectrum. Conclusions. The flat spectrum radio quasar PKS 1510-089 showed strong activity between January and April 2008, with episodes of rapid variability from radio to gamma-ray energy bands, in particular with a rapid gamma-ray flaring episode. The spectral energy distribution of mid-March 2008 is modeled with a homogeneous one-zone synchrotron self Compton (SSC) emission plus contributions from inverse Compton scattering of external photons from both the accretion disk and the broad line region. Indeed, some features in the optical-UV spectrum seem to indicate Seyfert-like components such as the little and the big blue bumps
AGILE detection of a rapid γ-ray flare from the blazar PKS 1510-089 during the GASP-WEBT monitoring
No full textAims: We report the detection by the AGILE satellite of a rapid γ-ray flare from the source 1AGL J1511-0908, associated with the powerful γ-ray quasar PKS 1510-089, during a pointing centered on the Galactic center region from 1 March to 30 March 2008. This source has been continuosly monitored in the radio-to-optical bands by the GLAST-AGILE Support Program (GASP) of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT). Moreover, the γ-ray flaring episode triggered three ToO observations by the Swift satellite in three consecutive days, starting from 20 March 2008. The quasi-simultaneous radio-to-optical, UV, X-ray and γ-ray coverage allows us to make a detailed study of the multifrequency time evolution, the spectral energy distribution of this source, and its theoretical interpretation based on the synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) emission mechanisms.Methods. During the radio-to-optical monitoring provided by the GASP-WEBT, AGILE observed the source with its two co-aligned imagers, the gamma-ray imaging detector (GRID) and the hard X-ray imager (SuperAGILE), which are sensitive in the 30 MeV-30 GeV and 18-60 keV energy bands, respectively. Results: In the period 1-16 March 2008, AGILE detected γ-ray emission from PKS 1510-089 at a significance level of 6.2-σ with an average flux over the entire period of (84±17)x10E-8 photons cm-2 s-1 for photon energies above 100 MeV. After a predefined satellite re-pointing, between 17 and 21 March 2008, AGILE detected the source at a significance level of 7.3-σ, with an average flux (E< 100 MeV) of (134±29)x10-8 photons cm-2s-1 and a peak level of (281±68)x10 -8 photons cm-2 s-1 with daily integration. During the observing period January-April 2008, the source also showed an intense and variable optical activity, with several flaring episodes and a significant increase in the flux was observed at millimetric frequencies. Moreover, in the X-ray band, the Swift/XRT observations seem to show a harder-when-brighter behavior of the source spectrum. Conclusions: The flat spectrum radio quasar PKS 1510-089 showed strong activity between January and April 2008, with episodes of rapid variability from radio to γ-ray energy bands, in particular with a rapid γ-ray flaring episode. The spectral energy distribution of mid-March 2008 is modeled with a homogeneous one-zone synchrotron self Compton (SSC) emission plus contributions from inverse Compton scattering of external photons from both the accretion disk and the broad line region. Indeed, some features in the optical-UV spectrum seem to indicate Seyfert-like components such as the little and the big blue bumps. © 2009 ESO
Exceptional outburst of the blazar CTA 102 in 2012: the GASP-WEBT campaign and its extension
No full textLarionov, V. M. et al.--Full list of authors: Larionov, V. M.; Villata, M.; Raiteri, C. M.; Jorstad, S. G.; Marscher, A. P.; Agudo, I.; Smith, P. S.; Acosta-Pulido, J. A.; Árévalo, M. J.; Arkharov, A. A.; Bachev, R.; Blinov, D. A.; Borisov, G.; Borman, G. A.; Bozhilov, V.; Bueno, A.; Carnerero, M. I.; Carosati, D.; Casadio, C.; Chen, W. P.; Clemens, D. P.; Di Paola, A.; Ehgamberdiev, Sh. A.; Gómez, J. L.; González-Morales, P. A.; Griñón-Marín, A.; Grishina, T. S.; Hagen-Thorn, V. A.; Ibryamov, S.; Itoh, R.; Joshi, M.; Kopatskaya, E. N.; Koptelova, E.; Lázaro, C.; Larionova, E. G.; Larionova, L. V.; Manilla-Robles, A.; Metodieva, Y.; Milanova, Yu. V.; Mirzaqulov, D. O.; Molina, S. N.; Morozova, D. A.; Nazarov, S. V.; Ovcharov, E.; Peneva, S.; Ros, J. A.; Sadun, A. C.; Savchenko, S. S.; Semkov, E.; Sergeev, S. G.; Strigachev, A.; Troitskaya, Yu. V.; Troitsky, I. S.After several years of quiescence, the blazar CTA 102 underwent an exceptional outburst in 2012 September-October. The flare was tracked from gamma-ray to near-infrared (NIR) frequencies, including Fermi and Swift data as well as photometric and polarimetric data from several observatories. An intensive Glast-Agile support programme of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (GASP-WEBT) collaboration campaign in optical and NIR bands, with an addition of previously unpublished archival data and extension through fall 2015, allows comparison of this outburst with the previous activity period of this blazar in 2004-2005. We find remarkable similarity between the optical and gamma-ray behaviour of CTA 102 during the outburst, with a time lag between the two light curves of approximate to 1 h, indicative of cospatiality of the optical and gamma-ray emission regions. The relation between the gamma-ray and optical fluxes is consistent with the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) mechanism, with a quadratic dependence of the SSC gamma -ray flux on the synchrotron optical flux evident in the post-outburst stage. However, the gamma -ray/optical relationship is linear during the outburst; we attribute this to changes in the Doppler factor. A strong harder-when-brighter spectral dependence is seen both the in gamma-ray and optical non-thermal emission. This hardening can be explained by convexity of the UV-NIR spectrum that moves to higher frequencies owing to an increased Doppler shift as the viewing angle decreases during the outburst stage. The overall pattern of Stokes parameter variations agrees with a model of a radiating blob or shock wave that moves along a helical path down the jet. © 2016 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.The St. Petersburg University team acknowledges support from Russian RFBR grant 15-02-00949, and St. Petersburg University research grants 6.38.335.2015 and 6.42.1113.2016. The research at Boston University was funded in part by NASA Fermi Guest Investigator grants NNX08AV65G, NNX10AO59G, NNX10AU15G, NNX11AO37G, NNX11AQ03G, and NNX14AQ58G. The research at Steward Observatory was funded in part by NASA Fermi Guest Investigator grants NNX09AU10G and NNX12AO93G. Acquisition of the MAPCAT data at Calar Alto is performed at the IAA-CSIC and is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) grant AYA2013-40825-P.This research was partially supported by the Scientific Research Fund of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Sciences under grant DO 02-137 (BIn-13/09). The Maidanak Observatory team acknowledges support from Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences grant F2-FA-F027.Peer reviewe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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