1,721,017 research outputs found
Tissue engineering for skeletal muscle regeneration
Full text linkStem cells and regenerative medicine have obtained a remarkable consent from the scientific community for their promising ability to recover aged, injured and diseased tissue. However, despite the noteworthy potential, hurdles currently hinder their use and clinical application: cell survival, immune response, tissue engraftment and efficient differentiation. Hence a new interdisciplinary scientific approach, such as tissue engineering, is going deep attempts to mimic neo-tissue-genesis as well as stem cell engraftment amelioration. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering represents a great potentiality in medicine for muscle regeneration exploiting new generation injectable hydrogel as scaffold supporting progenitor/stem cells for muscle differentiation reconstructing the natural skeletal muscle tissue architecture influenced by matrix mechanical and physical property and by a dynamic environmen
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Gli idrogel per la ricostruzione e la rigenerazione del tessuto muscolare scheletrico
No full textIl tessuto muscolare scheletrico costituisce circa il 40% della massa corporea ed è di fondamentale importanza per un organismo in quanto è responsabile dei movimenti, della postura e dell’equilibrio, oltre che di importanti funzioni metaboliche.
La perdita di questo tessuto può essere causata da una malattia progressiva oppure da un danno accidentale e tuttavia il muscolo scheletrico ha la capacità di rigenerarsi in modo rapido e completo così da prevenire la perdita di massa muscolare. Le cellule satelliti, cellule localizzate tra la membrana plasmatica e la lamina basale di ciascuna fibra, sono considerate le cellule staminali muscolari: in occasione di un qualsiasi processo degenerativo, esse vengono attivate ed iniziano a proliferare. Le cellule figlie migrano per formare catene di cellule satelliti disposte longitudinalmente sotto la lamina basale, qui si fondono tra di loro o con altri miotubi preesistenti per formare nuove fibre muscolari multinucleate. Le cellule satelliti hanno una limitata capacità proliferativa e probabilmente non possono sostenere molteplici cicli di rigenerazione durante fasi ripetute di degenerazione e rigenerazione, ciò è verosimilmente la causa della natura progressiva delle distrofie muscolari.
L’ingegneria tissutale del muscolo, ovvero l’utilizzo di un’impalcatura artificiale a supporto di mioblasti/cellule staminali, sta delineandosi da alcuni anni come una strategia terapeutica innovativa per la cura di molte malattie del sistema muscolare scheletrico. Lo scopo dell’ingegneria tissutale è recuperare tessuti ed organi persi, danneggiati o compromessi, partendo da cellule proliferanti in coltura per terminare con strutture cellulari differenziate tessuto-simili. La matrice extracellulare (ECM) gioca un ruolo essenziale nel determinare il comportamento delle cellule durante i processi di rimodellamento tissutale che portano a strutturare tissuti maturi. Quindi, è auspicabile controllare il differenziamento cellulare durante la rigenerazione del tessuto, mimando l’ECM mediante l’uso di materiali ingegnerizzati. La modifica delle proprieta’ biofisiche e meccaniche di questi biomateriali puo’ essere usata come strategia per indurre risposte cellulari specifiche. Inoltre, un biomateriale iniettabile sotto forma di idrogel, avendo queste caratteristiche, ha come vantaggio ulteriore quello di essere facilmente engrafted in vivo al fine di trasportare cellule staminali e/o molecole bioattive per promuovere il rinnovamento tissutale.
La nostra ricerca ha avuto come scopo l’utilizzo di un idrogel iniettabile fatto di glicole polietilenico (PEG) coniugato al fibrinogeno, il PEG-fibrinogeno (PF). Questo biomateriale è stato usato come scaffold per la ricostruzione muscolare in vitro ad opera di mesoangioblasti (Mabs), cellule progenitrici mesodermiche associate ai vasi, e di mioblasti (cellule satelliti, SCs) isolati freschi. Inoltre il PF è stato testato come carrier per il delivery dei Mabs in vivo al fine di incrementare il processo rigenerativo di muscoli danneggiati.
Gli scaffold di PF usati per le colture in tre-dimensioni in vitro hanno permesso una buona sopravvivenza cellulare ed hanno accelerato il processo differenziativo in muscolo scheletrico, portando alla formazione di miotubi contrattili entro le ventriquattro ore (normalmente, le colture in due dimensioni richiedono tre giorni prima di esibire la formazione di miotubi). Inoltre, utilizzando il biomateriale con un disegno più complesso, cioè contenente al suo interno dei microcanali creati con la microablazione laser, il PF ha permesso l’allineamento delle cellule lungo i canali, quindi il differenziamento e la formazione di fibre muscolari mature ben orientate.
In una prima serie di esperimenti in vivo siamo riusciti ad indurre il differenziamento di tessuti simil muscolo da PF e Mabs impiantati sotto la cute in topi immunodeficienti. Il PF ha mostrato di essere in grado di promuovere la crescita ed il differenziamento dei precursori miogenici, proprio come accade in vitro, portando alla formazione di un vero e proprio organoide, senza dare segni di tumorigenicità. Nella seconda serie di esperimenti in vivo, invece, il PF è stato usato come carrier di Mabs in muscoli danneggiati (tibiali anteriori) di topi immunodeficienti. La presenza del PF ha permesso un’aumentata sopravvivenza delle cellule trapiantate, una migliore ritenzione cellulare in situ e un complessivo miglioramento nell’engraftment cellulare, che si è tradotto in una più rapida rigenerazione del tessuto danneggiato.
In conclusione, i biomateriali ed in particolare gli idrogel come il PF possono essere facilmente utilizzati per il trasferimento di cellule muscolari scheletriche, mediante una semplice procedura di iniezione one-step, e quindi potrebbero avere un enorme impatto nel trattamento di patologie degenerative a carico dei muscoli scheletrici, come la distrofia muscolare.Tissue engineering aims to replace lost, damaged or failing tissue and organs, starting with cultured proliferating cells and ending with tissue-like structures. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a pivotal role in determining cell behavior during tissue remodelling processes leading to complete differentiated structures. Therefore it is desirable to control cell differentiation during tissue regeneration by mimicking the ECM using engineered biomaterials. To modify the biophysical and mechanical properties of these biomaterials can be used as a strategy to elicit specific cellular responses. Moreover, an injectable hydrogel biomaterial, having such capabilities, should have the advantage to be easily engrafted in vivo in order to carry stem cell and/or bioactive molecules to promote tissue renewal.
Our research is thus focused on the use of an injectable hydrogel made from polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated to Fibrinogen. The PEG-Fibrinogen (PF) is used as scaffold for in vitro muscle reconstruction, seeded and cultured with mesoangioblasts (vessel associated progenitor cells) and freshly isolated muscle satellite cells (SCs). The PF, which can be controlled in terms of its matrix modulus, is tested in vivo as mesoangioblast carrier for muscle regeneration.
The PF scaffold used for in vitro 3-D cultures promoted good survival of miogenic precursors and accelerated skeletal muscle differentiation (contractile myotubes) within 24 hours (normally, 2-D cultures take three days to exhibit myotube formation). The confining geometry of the microchannels created with microablation in the PF scaffolds promoted the development of oriented mature muscle fibers. Sub-cutaneous PF/miogenic precursors implants in Rag2 Chain -/- mice were able to form a “muscle organoid”. Finally, in vivo experiments using PF as a cell carrier showed increased transplanted cell survival, ameliorated in situ cellular retention and an overall improvement in cell engraftment.
Injectable hydrogel biomaterials can be readily applied for skeletal muscle cell delivery by a simple one-step injection procedure and could have a noteworthy impact in the treatment of muscular dystrophy
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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