1,720,962 research outputs found
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Italian <em>Phytophthora infestans</em> isolates
Full text linkPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary causes late blight of potato. After the 1970s, several changes have occurred in the European P. infestans population, frequently associated with an increased virulence. While the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of P. infestans has been studied in-depth in northern and central Europe, only a few reports are available regarding Italian isolates, mainly based on phenotypic traits. We report data of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of isolates collected from infected potato and tomato plants in different Italian regions in 2006‒2008. A prevalence of the A1 mating type and a majority of metalaxyl-resistant isolates were found. Tomato-derived isolates showed fungicide sensitivity, confirming previous reports. One of the isolates showed the rare IIb mitochondrial DNA haplotype. Genetic analyses of the single-sequence repeats (SSRs) and of the internal transcribed spacers gave similar results, although SSRs gave the best discrimination of genotypes
Biogas production from wheat straw pre-treated with ligninolytic fungi and co-digestion with pig slurry
No full textThis study carried out for the first time a comparison among ligninolytic (white-rot) and cellulosolytic or xylanolytic (Trichoderma) pre-treated wheat straw, for biogas production, potential, without or with pig slurry in co-digestion. Methane (CH4) production from wheat straw pre-treated for 4 and 10 weeks with seven different fungal isolates was preliminarily measured. Then, the effects on biogas yield of the co-digestion with pig slurry were checked on straw pre-treated with 3 selected fungal strains. The maximum production of CH4 from pre-treated straw with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (SUB) for 4 and 10 weeks was higher than the control (16% and 37%, respectively). The accumulation daily rate was higher than control (42% and 81%, respectively). A positive correlation between CH4 accumulation daily rate and straw enzymatic digestibility was found. In co-digestion with pig slurry, SUB pre-treated straw for 10 weeks showed an accumulation daily rate of 17.4 mL d-1 g-1 VS, significantly higher (17%) than that of the control. The time to reach the maximum CH4 production was shortened on average from 34 to 21 days in co-digestion with pig slurry, in comparison with pre-treated mono-digested wheat straw. The biological pre-treatment with selected white-rot fungi appears a promising technology to increase methane production from wheat straw
Biogas production from wheat straw pre-treated with hydrolytic enzymes or sodium hydroxide
No full textLignocellulosic residues are relatively recalcitrant to bioconversion during anaerobic digestion (AD) for biogas production. Pretreatments with cellulolytic enzymes or diluted alkali can facilitate biomass hydrolysis and enhance the process. Both pretreatments require low energy and chemical inputs, without accumulation of inhibitor. Milled wheat straw was pre-treated with hydrolytic enzymes or with diluted NaOH before AD. The pre-treatments were performed on sterilized, stabilized with formic acid or not sterilized wheat straw to evaluate the effect of straw indigenous microorganisms on the sugar concentration before AD. Anaerobic digestion was carried out in batch reactors, at 35 °C, for 3 months. The maximum cumulated methane production (Mmax) and the daily rate of methane accumulation (R) were estimated by a modified Gompertz equation. The NaOH pretreatment was the most effective, with average increases of 23 and 85 % for Mmax and R, respectively, in comparison with no pre-treatment. The enzymatic pre-treatment only increased Mmax by 14 %. However, the same increase was observed with heatinactivated enzymes, thus it was merely caused by the bioconversion into methane of the organic compounds contained in the enzymatic preparations. Moreover, all the pre-treatments determined a holocellulose conversion into reducing sugars lower than 4 %. In particular, the sugar concentration from not sterilized or stabilized with formic acid straw was lower than from sterilized straw, probably due to straw indigenous microorganisms activity. In conclusion, hydrolytic enzyme addition does not seem to provide a real advantage in terms of methane yield from wheat straw, differently from alkali pre-treatment
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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