1,720,958 research outputs found
Partecipazioni di minoranza e disciplina europea delle concentrazioni tra imprese : osservazioni sulle proposte di ampliamento dell’ambito di applicazione del Regolamento n. 139/2004
No full textLe nuove Linee Guida dell'Autorità Garante della Concorrenza sulla quantificazione delle sanzioni antitrust : maneggiare con cautela
No full textApprofondita analisi critica delle nuove linee guida adottate dall'Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato (AGCM) sulla quantificazione delle sanzioni antitrust in Italia
Legami personali e strutturali al vaglio della disciplina antitrust : lacuna normativa o interpretativa?
No full textThe present study focuses on the analysis of the anticompetitive incentives arising from the creation of structural and personal links between competitors. The study builds on the results of the economic theory, widely acknowledged by authorities and courts, to proceed with the analysis of the application of competition law. The exam of the legislation and of the interpretation given by courts and authorities over the years presents gaps and inconsistencies motivating the renewed interest by the legislator, both at the national and EU level
Passive – aggressive investments : minority shareholdings and competition law
Full text linkMinority share acquisitions between competitors have been mistakenly considered of concern only in case they result in a change of control.
First the economic theory, closely followed by courts and doctrine, explained and demonstrated that even the acquisition of non-controlling shareholdings may distort competition and requires a close scrutiny by competition authorities.
This article analyzes the impact of minority shareholdings on the incentives of rival firms and ascertains whether the authorities are provided with adequate tools to investigate and address the potential anticompetitive effects.
The results of the economic theory are the starting point to assess whether the legal treatment of minority shareholdings under the EU and US antitrust systems is appropriate and adequate
COMPETITION ON DRUGS - ABUSIVE CONDUCTS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Full text linkQuesto scritto tratta dell’intersezione tra diritto brevettuale e diritto della concorrenza con specifico riferimento all’ambito farmaceutico. Punto focale sono le strategie adottate dalle imprese farmaceutiche (c.d. originators) per ritardare o bloccare l’ingresso sul mercato dei farmaci generici, con conseguente danno per la salute dei consumatori e per le finanze pubbliche. Le condotte esaminate comprendono la creazione di cluster di brevetti, la lite temeraria, l’imposizione di una nuova versione del farmaco, la denigrazione dei generici, la fornitura di informazioni false o fuorvianti all’ufficio brevettuale e l’imposizione di prezzi eccessivi. Sono infine discussi gli accordi transattivi con i quali i genericisti s'impegnano a non entrare nel mercato a fronte del pagamento di una somma da parte dell’originator. Tutte queste condotte sono accomunate dal fatto che l’impatto anticoncorrenziale dipende in misura rilevante dall’esistenza di uno o più brevetti sul farmaco e dall’abuso dei diritti che questi conferiscono al titolare.
Teoria e prassi applicativa di autorità e corti in campo farmaceutico, a livello nazionale, europeo e statunitense, sono analizzate nell'ottica di dimostrare che tali condotte rappresentano non solo un abuso di posizione dominante (qualora l’impresa detenga sufficiente potere di mercato), ma anche un abuso del diritto brevettuale (interpretato teleologicamente). In linea con la recente sentenza del Consiglio di Stato nel caso Pfizer, la medesima condotta potrà quindi porsi in contrasto sia con la disciplina brevettuale sia con quella concorrenziale (in termini di abuso del diritto, e sua species abuso di posizione dominante) quando l’obiettivo perseguito (e potenzialmente realizzabile) dall’impresa farmaceutica sia in contrasto con la ragione per la quale i diritti le sono stati riconosciuti, in questo caso il benessere di lungo periodo dei consumatori.
Pur perseguendo un obiettivo comune, gli strumenti messi a disposizione dal diritto della concorrenza e dal diritto brevettuale sono distinti e complementari. Soltanto un’applicazione delle due discipline in piena coerenza l’una con l’altra può assicurarne il reciproco rafforzamento e permettere a ciascuna di svolgere il proprio ruolo nel raggiungimento dell'obiettivo comune.This work discusses the intersection between patent law and competition law in the pharmaceutical industry. Focal point are the so-called life-cycle management strategies, adopted by originators to delay or block generic entry and resulting in harm to consumer health and public finances. Conducts examined include the creation of patent clusters, sham litigation, product hopping, denigration of generics, provision of false or misleading information to the patent office and excessive pricing. Finally, pay for delay patent settlement agreements are also discussed. Two elements link all of these conducts together – the fact that their anti-competitive impact depends on the existence of one or more patents, and the abuse of its rights by the patentee.
Theory and practice of national, European and American authors, authorities and courts are analyzed to demonstrate that these conducts are not only abuses of a dominant position (if the undertaking is in a position of market power), but also an abuse of patent law (interpreted teleologically). In line with the recent ruling of the Council of State in Pfizer, the same conduct may be in conflict with both IP and antitrust laws (in terms of abuse of rights, and its species abuse of dominance) when the objective pursued (and potentially achievable) is contrary to the purpose for which the rights were granted, in this case long term consumer welfare.
While pursuing a common goal, the tools made available by competition and patent laws are distinct but complementary. Only the consistent application of these two disciplines can ensure, by their mutual reinforcement, the accomplishment of their common goal
The Italian Guidelines on the Method of Setting Fines : A (Half) Step towards Transparency and Deterrence
No full textIn this paper, we examine the new Italian Guidelines on the method of setting fines for antitrust law infringements in the broader context of Italian antitrust public enforcement. The analysis of the new Guidelines is interesting for at least three reasons. Firstly, in drafting the new guidelines the Italian Competition Authority (ICA) tried to adopt a comprehensive approach: in other words, it took into account that the issuing of the Guidelines may affect all the other elements of the sanctioning system. Thus, even if the Guidelines deal specifically with the quantifications of fines, many elements of the new methodology have been designed in order to affect other important areas of antitrust enforcement, like leniency programs. Secondly, the new Guidelines clearly witness the shift towards an antitrust law enforcement system based on deterrence. A very formal interpretation of the notion of undertaking may, however, limit, if not completely annul, the ICA's efforts towards a tougher attitude against naked cartels and exclusionary abuses of dominant position. Finally, in choosing the quantification method, the ICA largely took inspiration from the 2006 EU Guidelines on the method of setting fines. This should not come as a shock, considering that Italian antitrust law very closely mirrors Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. It should be pointed out, however, that the ICA resisted to the pleas of many commentators to follow other more lenient or in any case different national models. We think that, also in light of the allocation principles laid down in the Notice on the cooperation within the network of European Competition Authorities, a maximum level of harmonization between the EU and the Italian antitrust sanctioning systems and policies is of paramount importance in order to assure a level playing field to companies operating in the Italian markets
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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