17 research outputs found
ASIL upgrade of a safety element out of context
No full textAuthor: Marco TerlerScientific Paper Wien, FH Campus Wien 202
Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed of dairy calves: II. Effects on the development of chewing and gut fermentation, and selected systemic health variables
No full textEarly development of the rumen, rumination and fermentation is highly important in dairy calves. Yet, common rearing practices with feeding of concentrate-rich starters may jeopardize them because of lacking physically effective fiber (peNDF). The main objective of this study was to establish the influence of the composition of the calf starter feed (only forage with two different qualities or concentrate-rich starter diet) on chewing behaviour, rumen development, rumen and hindgut fermentation, and selected systemic health and stress variables of dairy calves. The experiment was carried out with 40 newborn Holstein-Friesian calves, randomly assigned to four different solid feed treatments: MQH = 100% medium-quality hay (9.4 MJ ME, 149 g CP, 522 g NDF/kg DM), HQH = 100% high-quality hay (11.2 MJ ME, 210 g CP, 455 g NDF/kg DM), MQH+C = 30% MQH + 70% starter concentrate, HQH+C = 30% HQH + 70% starter concentrate). All calves were up to 14 wk in the trial and received acidified whole milk ad libitum in the first 4 wk of life, thereafter in reduced quantity until weaning on 12 wk of age. Water and the solid feed treatments were available ad libitum throughout the trial. Chewing activity was measured in wk 4, 6, 10, and 12 using Rumiwatch halters. Until wk 3, rumen fluid, feces and blood were sampled weekly, thereafter every 2 wk. Rumen mucosal thickness (RMT) was measured on the same days with rumen fluid samples. Data show daily variation in eating and ruminating activity and proportion of certain SCFA in total SCFA in rumen fluid and feces of calves offered different feed treatments.THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV
Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed in dairy calves: I. Effects on nutrient intake, growth performance, and blood metabolic profile
No full textConcentrate-rich starter feeds are commonly fed to dairy calves to stimulate early solid feed intake and growth performance; yet, starter feeds lacking in forage fiber may jeopardize gut development. This research primarily aimed to test a complete or partial replacement of concentrates with hay of different qualities in the starter feed on nutrient intake, growth performance, apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and blood metabolites in dairy calves. Immediately after birth, 40 Holstein Friesian calves were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 starter diets, which differed in hay quality and concentrate inclusion [MQH = 100% medium-quality hay, 9.4 MJ of metabolizable energy (ME), 149 g of crude protein (CP), 522 g of neutral detergent fiber (NDF)/kg of dry matter (DM); HQH = 100% high-quality hay, 11.2 MJ of ME, 210 g of CP, 455 g of NDF/kg of DM; MQH+C = 30% medium-quality hay + 70% starter concentrate; HQH+C = 30% high-quality hay + 70% starter concentrate]. The concentrate consisted mainly of grains, oilseeds, and mineral supplements (13.5 MJ of ME, 193 g of CP, 204 g of NDF/kg of DM). Calves were used in the experiment from d 1 to 99 of life. During the first 4 wk, all calves were fed acidified whole milk ad libitum, and afterward they were gradually weaned from wk 5 to 12. Calves had ad libitum access to their starter diets and water throughout the experiment. Milk, water, and solid feed intake was recorded daily, live weight was measured once a week, and blood samples were collected on d 1, 3, 7, 21, 49, 77, and 91 and analyzed for selected metabolites. The ATTD was measured in wk 14 of life. Total DM intake and daily weight gain of calves were not affected by the starter feed during the first 8 wk of life. However, from wk 9 to 14, calves fed the MQH diet had lower DM, ME, and CP intake and gained less weight than calves from the other experimental groups. Feeding the HQH diet resulted in similar CP and ME intake and growth performance compared with calves receiving diets containing concentrates. Furthermore, feeding the HQH diet improved the ATTD of NDF, resulting in similar ATTD of organic matter with the HQH+C and MQH+C groups. Interestingly, calves fed the HQH+C diet showed less sorting for concentrate, compared with the MQH+C group. Concentration of blood metabolites, including glucose, lactate, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, triglycerides, and total protein, did not differ after the first week of life. However, serum β-hydroxybutyrate was higher in calves fed the HQH diet starting from wk 11. Both groups fed the hay-only diets maintained higher cholesterol levels after weaning compared with the groups fed hay-concentrate mixtures. In conclusion, feeding high-quality hay can fully replace starter concentrates in the feeding of dairy calves without adverse effects on performance during the rearing period, while increasing forage fiber intake and utilization, which enhanced ruminal ketogenesis and cholesterogenesis around weaning. Further research is needed to evaluate long-term effects of feeding high-quality hay on health and development of dairy calves, especially in terms of the observed improvements in ruminal ketogenesis and cholesterogenesis around weaning
Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed of dairy calves: II. Effects on the development of chewing and gut fermentation, and selected systemic health variables
No full textEarly development of the rumen, rumination, and fermentation is highly important in dairy calves. Yet, common rearing practices with feeding of concentrate-rich starters may jeopardize them because of lacking physically effective fiber (peNDF). The main objective of this study was to establish the influence of the composition of the calf starter feed (only forage with 2 different qualities or concentrate-rich starter diet) on chewing behavior, rumen development, rumen and hindgut fermentation, and selected systemic health and stress variables of dairy calves. The experiment was carried out with 40 newborn Holstein-Friesian calves, randomly assigned to 4 different solid feed treatments: MQH = 100% medium-quality hay (9.4 MJ metabolizable energy, 149 g of crude protein, and 522 g of neutral detergent fiber/kg of dry matter); HQH = 100% high-quality hay (11.2 MJ of metabolizable energy, 210 g of crude protein, 455 g of neutral detergent fiber/kg of dry matter); MQH+C = 30% MQH + 70% starter concentrate; HQH+C = 30% HQH + 70% starter concentrate). All calves were up to 14 wk in the trial and received acidified whole milk ad libitum in the first 4 wk of life, thereafter in reduced quantity until weaning on 12 wk of age. Water and the solid feed treatments were available ad libitum throughout the trial. Chewing activity was measured in wk 4, 6, 10, and 12 using RumiWatch halters. Until wk 3, rumen fluid, feces and blood were sampled weekly, thereafter every 2 wk. Rumen mucosal thickness (RMT) was measured on the same days with rumen fluid samples. Data showed that calves fed the HQH diet consumed more peNDF and this was associated with longer rumination time (591 min/d) and more ruminating boli (709 boli/d) than calves fed concentrate-rich diets (MQH+C: 430 min/d, 518 boli/d; HQH+C: 430 min/d, 541 boli/d), whereas the MQH group was intermediate (539 min/d, 644 boli/d). Ruminal and fecal pH were higher in calves fed only hay (especially MQH) compared with calves with concentrate supplementation. In both hay-fed groups, ruminal and fecal short-chain fatty acids were shifted toward acetate, whereas only the HQH diet increased the butyrate proportion in the ruminal short-chain fatty acids profile. Ruminal ammonia concentration was at a high level only in the first 3 wk and decreased thereafter. Feeding HQH tended to increase ruminal ammonia, likely because of its high crude protein content and ruminal degradability as well as lower assimilation from rumen microbes. The RMT similarly, though nonlinearly, increased in all groups over the course of the experiment. When using RMT as an indicator of rumen development in dairy calves in the practice, our data suggest an RMT of 1.7 mm and >2 mm at wk 5 and 10 of life, respectively. Feeding did not affect the blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and cortisol. In conclusion, feeding high-quality hay, instead of concentrate-rich starter feeds, resulted in improved rumination and ruminal fermentation profile, without affecting ruminal pH and systemic and stress health variables
Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed in dairy calves: Effects on nutrient intake, growth performance, and blood metabolic profile
No full textFeeding concentrate-rich starter feeds to dairy calves increases the risk of ruminal acidosis due to a low concentration of structural fiber. In this study, we hypothesized that feeding high quality hay can be a strategy to overcome this risk while maintainig adequate supply with energy and protein. Therefore we examined nutrient intake, daily gain and concentration of metabolites in blood of calves from birth to week 14 of life. Calves were offered acidified milk till week 12 of life according to a defined milk feeding scheme and water throughout the whole experiment. Furthermore, calves wer fed one of four experimental diets (solid feeds) throughout the whole experiment: 100 % medium quality hay, 100 % high quality hay, 30 % medium quality hay + 70 % concentrates and 30 % high quality hay + 70 % concentrates.THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV
Effect of biochar or biochar and urea supplementation on feed intake, milk yield, feed conversion and methane production of dairy cows
No full textFeed additives belong to a number of climate change mitigation strategies being sought to reduce methane emissions in ruminants. In this study, the effect of biochar or biochar and urea supplementation on dairy cow performance and methane production was assessed. Eighteen cows were used in a 3 × 3 latin square design with three feeding groups: control with no supplementation (CO), biochar supplementation (BC, 200 g/day) and biochar and urea supplementation (BC + U, 200 g/day biochar and 90 g/day urea). All cows were fed a forage mixture ad libitum and 5 kg of concentrates per day on average. Methane emissions were measured in respiration chambers. Biochar as well as biochar and urea supplementation did not affect total dry matter, energy and utilisable protein intake. However, lignin intake was higher in the BC group and crude protein intake was higher in the BC + U group compared to the CO group. Supplementation of feed additives did not affect milk production and milk composition, except for the higher milk urea content in the BC + U group. Feed conversion, diet digestibility and methane production were not affected by feeding strategy. In conclusion, biochar supplementation does not reduce methane emissions, but it does not negatively affect dairy cow performance
Feeding of high-quality hay modulates hepatic lipid and energy metabolism in weaned dairy calves
No full textThe present study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding different hay qualities with or without concentrate supplementation on the mRNA expression of genes related to hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism and cellular energy status in weaned calves. Holstein Friesian calves (5 per dietary group) were fed 4 solid diets: (1) 100% medium-quality hay (MQH; 9.4 MJ of ME, 149 g CP, 522 g NDF/kg of DM); (2) 100% high-quality hay (HQH; 11.2 MJ of ME, 210 g CP, 455 g NDF/kg of DM); (3) 30% medium-quality hay + 70% starter concentrate (MQHC); and (4) 30% high-quality hay + 70% starter concentrate (HQHC). Calves were slaughtered at 100 ± 4 d of age and an average BW of 128.8 ± 19.8 kg. Liver tissue was collected, snap-frozen in liquid N2, and used in the mRNA expression experiment. The trend for lower mRNA expression of AMP-kinase with HQH compared with MQH indicated higher energetic status of hepatocytes with HQH, which probably triggered the increased mRNA expression of enzymes responsible for lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis. The greater hepatic availability of propionate with the hay-concentrate diets may have upregulated the mRNA expression of AMP-kinase by triggering gluconeogenesis. Both HQH and concentrate supplementation downregulated genes related to nutrient catabolism, such as fatty acid oxidation or amino acid breakdown. In conclusion, results demonstrate the importance of the type of solid feed for the energetic state and respective signaling in hepatocytes of weaned calves
Mixed ensiling with by-products and silage additives significantly valorizes drought-impaired whole-crop corn
No full textCorn silages constitute an important roughage in diets for high-yielding dairy cows. Due to summer droughts, quantity and quality of corn silages diminish, which both can have drastic consequences on the energy and nutrient provision to dairy cows. Mixed ensiling of drought-impaired whole-crop corn with by-products may represent a promising option to valorize the nutritive value and available biomass, which has not yet received much attention. Our study analyzed the potential of mixed ensiling of drought-impaired corn with either sugar beet pulp (SBP) or wheat gluten feed (WGF), without or with the application of different silage additives, i.e., either anaerobic fungi (AF) culture supernatant, mixed ruminal fluid or lactic acid bacteria. The aim was to study the effects on the chemical composition, fermentation patterns, in vitro gas production (GP), as an indicator of digestibility, and aerobic stability of the silages. We observed an overall sufficient preservation in all silages as evidenced by low dry matter (DM) losses of 336 h), while the silage pH was significantly lower with by-product inclusion. The co-ensiling with WGF predominantly increased the crude protein content to similar to 200 g/kg DM with still low ammonia-N levels, i.e., 17 g/kg crude protein, whereas co-ensiling with SBP increased the energy level as evidenced by the in vitro GP kinetics. The application of fresh AF culture supernatant further improved the preservation success, including less ammonia-N and lower silage pH, and considerably increased the energy content of pure corn silages. Remarkably, addition of fresh AF culture supernatant also improved in vitro GP kinetics of WGF-based silages that performed less than other silages when no additives were applied. Using fresh mixed ruminal fluid showed beneficial effects on silage quality, such as lower ammonia-N concentrations in all silages, whereas heat-inactivated mixed ruminal fluid decreased silage pH. For the application of lactic acid bacteria, our results showed their support in facilitating roughage preservation, but without influence on chemical composition or in vitro rumen fermentation. In conclusion, mixed ensiling with by-products is yet an overlooked option for valorizing drought-impaired corn and our data confirmed the effectiveness of this approach. Without increasing the feed-food competition, mixed ensiling represents a promising adaptation strategy to summer droughts, especially in combined use with AF culture supernatant. Future research may now investigate the impact of feeding mixed silages on performance, behavior, and health of dairy cows
The use of mid-infrared spectrometry to estimate the ration composition of lactating dairy cows
No full textThe composition of cow milk is strongly affected by the feeding regimen. Because milk components are routinely determined using mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometry, MIR spectra could also be used to estimate an animal’s ration composition. The objective of this study was to determine whether and how well amounts of dry matter intake and the proportions of concentrates, hay, grass silage, maize silage, and pasture in the total ration can be estimated using MIR spectra at an individual animal level. A total of 10,200 milk samples and sets of feed intake data were collected from 90 dairy cows at 2 experimental farms of the Agricultural Research and Education Centre in Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Austria. For each run of analysis, the data set was split into a calibration and a validation data set in a 40:60 ratio. Estimated ration compositions were calculated using a partial least squares regression and then compared with the respective observed ration compositions. In separate analyses, the factors milk yield and concentrate intake were included as additional predictors. To evaluate accuracy, the coefficient of determination (R2) and ratio to performance deviation were used. The highest R2 values (for kg of dry matter intake/ for % of ration) for the individual feedstuffs were as follows: pasture, 0.63/0.66; grass silage, 0.32/0.43; concentrate intake, 0.39/0.34; maize silage, 0.32/0.33; and hay, 0.15/0.16. Estimation of groups of feedstuffs (forages, energy-dense feedstuffs) mostly resulted in R2 values >0.50. Including the parameters milk yield or concentrate intake improved R2 values by up to 0.21, with an average improvement of 0.04. The results of this study indicate that not all ration components may be estimated equally accurately. Even if some estimates are good on average, there may be strong deviations between estimated and observed values in individual data sets, and therefore individual estimates should not be overemphasized. Further research including pooled samples (e.g., bulk milk, farm samples) or variations in ration composition is called for
The comparison qualty criterions of home-made noodles prepared with raw and boiled sheep, goat and cow milk
No full textYÜKSEK L ISANS TEZ Ç İĞ ve P İŞM İŞ KOYUN, KEÇİ ve İNEK SÜTÜ LE ÜRETİLEN EV ER ŞTELER N N KAL TE KR TERLER N N BEL RLENMES B LGE ÖZTÜRK Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ömer ÖKSÜZ 2007, Sayfa: 65 Jüri: Doç. Dr. Şefik KURULTAY Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ömer ÖKSÜZ Yrd. Doç. Dr. Levent ÇOŞKUNTUNA Bu araştırmada, koyun, keçi, inek sütlerinin çiğ ve pişmiş formları ile aynı koşullarda hazırlanan ev eriştelerinin kimyasal duyusal ve mikrobiyolojik kalite kriterleri araştırılmıştır. Mikrobiyolojik olarak erişte hamurları ve erişteler ayrı ayrı analizlere tabi tutulmuştur. Çiğ sütle hazırlanan örneklerin analiz sonuçları ortalama olarak; nem %10,324; asitlik %0,034; protein %13,070; kül %0,757; yağ %4,983; suya geçen madde %2,163; hacim arışı %236,996 ve pişme süresi 8,667 dakika bulunmuştur. Yapılan duyusal değerlendirme sonuçları 5 puan üzerinden ortalama olarak; renk ve görünüş 4,190, yapı 4,286, tat ve aroma 3,953 olarak belirlenmiştir.. Erişte hamurunda; ortalama toplam mezofil canlı bakteri sayısı 198,33 kob/g, koliform grubu bakteri sayısı 3,33 kob/g ve maya küf sayısı ise 153,33 kob/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Eriştede, ortalama toplam mezofil canlı bakteri sayısı 296,67 kob/g, koliform grubu bakteri sayısı 8,33 kob/g, maya ve küf sayısı 128,33 kob/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Pişmiş sütle hazırlanan örneklerin analiz sonuçları ortalama olarak; nem %10,05; asitlik %0,025; protein %14,769; kül %0,905; yağ %5,791; suya geçen madde %1,87; hacim arışı %318,05 ve pişme süresi 10,333 dakika bulunmuştur. Yapılan duyusal değerlendirme sonuçları 5 puan üzerinden ortalama olarak; renk ve görünüş 3,714, yapı 3,667, tat ve aroma 3,762 olarak belirlenmiştir. Erişte hamurunda, ortalama toplam mezofil canlı bakteri sayısı 38,33 kob/g, maya ve küf sayısı 33,33 kob/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Koliform grubu bakteriye ise rastlanmamıştır. Eriştede, ortalama toplam mezofil canlı bakteri sayısı 88,33 kob/g, maya ve küf sayısı 51,33 kob/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Koliform grubu bakteriye ise rastlanmamıştır.MASTER THESIS THE COMPARISON QUALITY CRITERIONS OF HOME-MADE NOODLES PREPARED WITH RAW AND BOILED SHEEP, GOAT and COW MILK B LGE ÖZTÜRK Trakya University Naturel and Applied Institute Department of Food Engineering Counselor: Assist. Prof. Ömer ÖKSÜZ 2007, Page:65 Jury: Assoc. Prof. Şefik KURULTAY Assist. Prof. Ömer ÖKSÜZ Assist. Prof. Levent ÇOŞKUNTUNA In this research, chemical, sensorial and microbiological quality criterias home- made noodle samples prepared from raw and boiled sheep, goat and cow milk were investigated. Both noodles dough?s and noodles were subjected to microbiological analyses. The average results of the samples which contains raw milk are as follows; moisture 10,324%; acidity 0,034%; protein 13,070%; ash 0,757%; fat 4,983%; total organic matter in booling water 2,163%; volume increase 236,996% and optimum cooking time 8,667 min. The average results of sensorial analysis are as follows (perfect score:5 points for each parameters); colour and appearance 4,190; structure 4,286; taste and scent 3,953. The average total mesophilic bacteria were determined as 296,67 cfu/g, coliform bacteria 8,33 cfu/g, yeast-mould 128,33 cfu/g in noodles. The average total mesophilic bacteria were determined as 198,33 cfu/g, coliform bacteria 3,33 cfu/g, yeast-mould 153,33 cfu/g in noodle dough. The average results of the samples which contains boiled milk are as follows; moisture 10,050%; acidity 0,025%; protein 14,769%; ash 0,905%; fat 5,791%; total organic matter in cooking water 1,870%; volume increase 318,050% and optimum booling time 10,33 min. The average results of sensorial analysis are as follows (perfect score:5 points for each parameters); colour and appearance 3,714, structure 3,667, taste and scent 3,762. The average total mesophilic bacteria were determined as 88,33 cfu/g, yeast-mould 51,33 cfu/g in noodle. The average total mesophile bacteria were determined as 38,33 cfu/g, yeast-mould 33,33 cfu/g in noodle dough. Coliform bacteria were not found all samples
