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Anatomic and MRI studies of cadaveric shoulders preserved by silicone plastilination
No full textSeveral methods may be used to preserve gross anatomical specimens depending on the aims of preservation. We employed the method of silicone plastination to
preserve fresh cadaveric shoulders, which were then submitted to MRI and subsequently cut in the 3 spatial planes to analyse the morphological characteristics of the multiple articular and periarticular structures and their anatomical relationships.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three shoulders obtained from fresh male cadavers aged 64 to 72 years were submitted to silicone plastination after removal en bloc by cutting vertically at the level of the middle portion of the clavicle and transversely just caudally to the bicipital groove. After the procedures of silicone plastination, dry, odourless and non- deformable specimens were obtained, which
had conserved their original colour and the relationships between anatomical structures.
MRI scanned slices were performed at 1 cm intervals, and images in the sagittal, coronal and axial planes were obtained for the 3 specimens. Each of the specimens
was then cut at 1 cm intervals respectively, in the sagittal, coronal or axial plane.
Slices were thus obtained, which corresponded to the MRI sections in each plane.
The slices were studied to determine the morphometric characteristics of the various anatomical structures and the photograph of each slice was compared with
the MRI image ofthe same slice.
RESULTS: Anatomical analysis allowed us to determine the exact site of insertion of periarticular muscles, the detailed macroscopic morphology and the size of the respective tendons, the site and modality of insertion of the biceps tendon, the thickness of the glenoid labrum and its relationships with the articular capsule, and
the course of nerves and vessels with respect to the other anatomical structures of surgical interest. Concomitant analysis of photographs of the slices and MRI
images allowed the structures imaged by MRI to be clearly identified and compared with the morphometry ofthe anatomical structures.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Morphometric studies of normal anatomic specimens in the three spatial planes are necessary to better identify the various structures of
the shoulder and their reciprocal relationships and to better understand pathologies
Studio anatomico ed RMN di spalle di cadavere conservate con la tecnica di plastinazione.
No full textMolte tecniche possono essere impiegate per conservare grossi campioni anatomici la sccelta del a
tecnica varia in base al futuro utilizzo del campione. Spalle fresche di cadavere sono state prima
conservate con la metodica della plastinazione con silicone e successivamente sottoposte ad esame
RMN. Le spalle sono state in seguito sezionate in sottili fette (nei tre piani dello spazio); quest’ ultime sono state impiegate per analizzare le caratteristiche morfologiche delle strutture articolari e
periarticolari e per confrontarle con le immagini RMN.
Materiali e Metodi. Alcune spalle di cadavere fresco (di età compresa tra 64 e 72 anni) sono state
conservate con la tecnica di plastinazione con silicone dopo essere state espiantate mediante dissezione verticale, a livello del terzo medio di clavicola, e trasversale, al di sotto del collo chirurgico
dell'omero. Dopo le procedure di conservazione, sono stati ottenuti campioni secchi, inodori e non
deformabili, che hanno mantenuto il colore originario e i rapporti tra le varie strutture anatomiche.
I campioni sono stati successivamente sottoposti ad esame RMN (sezioni di 1 cm.; scansioni sul
piano sagittale, coronale ed assiale). Le spalle plastinate sono state quindi sezionate (nei tre piani
dello spazio) in modo da ottenere sottili fette sovrapponibili alle scansioni RMN. Le fette sono state studiate per determinare le caratteristiche morfometriche delle diverse strutture anatomiche e per
chiarire per confronto, le immagini RMN.
Risultati. Lo studio anatomico ha permesso di determinare l'esatto sito di inserzione dei muscoli
periarticolari, la morfologia e le dimensioni dei rispettivi tendini, il decorso e le modalità di inserzione dei tendini del bicipite, lo spessore del cercine glenoideo e il suo rapporto con la capsula articolare, e il decorso delle strutture vascolo-nervose rispetto ad altre strutture anatomiche di interesse chirurgico. Le immagini RMN sono state chiarite ed interpretate attraverso il confronto diretto con le fette anatomiche plastinate.
Rilevanza clinica. Studi morfometrici, nei tre piani dello spazio, di campioni anatomici normali sono indispensabili per la migliore identificazione delle diverse strutture anatomiche della spalla e
dei loro reciproci rapporti, e per la comprensione delle varie condizioni patologiche. Pertanto, la
comparazione tra campioni anatomici ed imaging e ancora necessaria per chiarire le incertezze che
possono emergere durante l'interpretazione di immagini (RMN) normali e patologiche La tecnica
di plastinazione con silicone consente una adeguata e dettagliata analisi dell’anatomia della spalla
nei diversi piani dello spazio
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
[Magnetic resonance of the encephalon in 17 patients with ocular Behçet's disease].
No full textBehçet's disease is a chronic relapsing disorder of unknown etiology characterized by oral aphthous ulcerations, uveitis, genital ulcerations and bone lesions. A variety of other signs including polyarthritis, vascular conditions (blood vessel occlusions and aneurysms), epididymitis, gastrointestinal, pulmonary and heart lesions may also occur. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is reported in 10-49% of cases and it is the first symptom of the disease in 5% of subjects. The neuro-Behçet's syndrome may appear as a brainstem syndrome, meningoencephalitis and an organic confusional syndrome or dementia. Cranial hypertension, mostly related to cerebral venous thrombosis, is also present in neuro-Behçet's disease and its incidence is reported in up to 10% of Behçet's patients. MRI is reportedly the most sensitive neuroradiologic approach to detect the focal lesions related to neuro-Behçet's disease and several single cases or series of Behçet's patients with neurologic signs have been examined with MRI. We used MRI to investigate CNS involvement in Behçet's disease patients with and without previous neurologic signs. MRI was carried out on 17 patients with ocular Behçet's disease without neurologic symptoms to assess the possible subclinical involvement of the CNS. Cerebrospinal fluid spaces were enlarged in 8 patients and 5 patients exhibited cortical atrophy. PD and T2-weighted hypersignal foci were demonstrated in parietal, frontal, subcortical and periventricular white matter in 6 subjects. Neuroradiologic abnormalities were found only in the patients with complete disease and with the disease diagnosed more than 10 years earlier. Even though the pathogenesis of these neuroradiologic abnormalities and their correlation with Behçet's disease remain to be clarified, our study suggests the possibility of subclinical CNS involvement in these patients, which may affect the therapeutic approach and their prognosis
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES OF PORCINE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC INDUCED BY ENDPLATE INJURIES
No full textSTUDY DESIGN: Graded endplate injuries were performed in porcine lumbar discs. The effects of such injuries were compared to control animals in which a sham operation was performed. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of endplate injuries on disc tissue. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Studies have shown that injuries of vertebral endplates are frequently found at autopsy. However, little is known on the effects of acute injuries of vertebral endplates in vivo. METHODS: Ten domestic pigs were included in the study group. Under general anesthesia, the lower three discs of the lumbar spine were exposed and randomly submitted to multiple endplate injuries, isolated endplate injury, and no treatment. A sham operation was performed in 5 pigs used as control group. Animals were killed 7 months after surgery and the harvested lumbar spine submitted to MRI investigations, histologic, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS: MRI showed that all but one discs treated with multiple endplate injuries were markedly degenerated while, of the discs treated with an isolated injury, one was markedly degenerated, five slightly degenerated and two were normal (P = 0.01). Histologic analysis showed severe changes in discs treated with multiple injuries. In those who had an isolated injury, changes were less severe and essentially limited to the posterior anulus or the inner anterior anulus. Biochemical analysis showed an inverse correlation between uronate content in the nucleus pulposus and severity of endplate injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Injuries of vertebral endplates in porcine discs were found to cause degenerative changes in the disc tissue on MRI, histologic, and biochemical investigations. The severity of such degenerative changes was related to the severity of endplate injuries. Injuries of vertebral endplate may be one of the pathomechanisms leading to early changes in the disc matrix and eventually to abnormal biomechanical behavior of the whole disc. The present animal model seems to be a suitable experimental model for disc degeneratio
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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