53,022 research outputs found
Stainless steel in Sweden : antidumping attacks, good international citizenship
No full textThis report analyzes the economics, legal, and business logic of the United States, Sweden, and the European Community regarding the stainless steel industry. Trade policies and legal cases are analyzed and presented to support the author's conclusion that good economics, international competitiveness, private ownership, and limited support from a government that demonstrates good international citizenship are not enough to defend an industry against the application of antidumping or other import-restricting policy.Water and Industry,Roads&Highways,Primary Metals,Banks&Banking Reform,Mining&Extractive Industry (Non-Energy)
Turbulence, Inequality, and Cheap Steel
No full textIron and steel production grew dramatically in the U.S. when mass production technologies for steel were adopted in the 1860s. According to new measures presented in this study, earnings inequality rose within the iron and steel industries about 1870, perhaps because technological uncertainty led to gambles and turbulence. Firms made a variety of technological choices and began formal research and development. Professional associations and journals for mechanical engineers and chemists appeared. A national market replaced local markets for iron and steel. An industrial union replaced craft unions. As new ore sources and cheap water transportation were introduced, new plants along the Great Lakes outcompeted existing plants elsewhere. Because new iron and steel plants in the 1870s were larger than any U.S. plants had ever been, cost accounting appeared in the industry and grew in importance. Uncertainty explains the rise in inequality better than a skill bias account, according to which differences among individuals generate greater differences in wages. Analogous issues of inequality come up with respect to recent information technology.technological change, Bessemer steel, technological uncertainty, turbulence, inequality, innovation
High strength structural steel at elevated temperatures
No full textThis paper presents the mechanical properties of high strength structural steel and mild structural steel at elevated temperatures. Mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures are important for fire resistant design of steel structures. However, current design standards for fire resistance of steel structures are mainly based on the investigation of hot-rolled carbon steel with normal strength, such as mild steel. The performance of high strength steel at elevated temperatures is unknown. Hence, an experimental program has been carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of both high strength steel and mild steel at elevated temperatures. The high strength steel BISPLATE 80 (approximately equivalent to ASTM A 514, EN 10137-2 Grade S690Q and JIS G 3128) and the mild steel XLERPLATE Grade 350 (approximately equivalent to ASTM 573-450) were tested using steady and transient state test methods. The elastic moduli and yield strengths were obtained at different strain levels, and the ultimate strength and thermal elongation were evaluated at different temperatures. The test reults were compared with the predictions obtained from the American, Australian, British and European standards
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The role of consumption in material reduction opportunities: the impact of product lifetime in supplying the UK steel demand
No full textMost of the products purchased in the UK are manufactured in other countries. As a result, worldwide greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions released to manufacture all products purchased in the UK are significantly higher than the UK territorial emissions. More than one half of global industrial emissions result from the use of steel, cement, paper, plastics, and aluminium. In this paper, the UK consumption of products that embody these five materials is estimated. For steel, which is the most widely used among these five materials, consumption and accumulation patterns are examined across four product categories. The impact of steel product lifetime extension is examined for the UK as one option for material demand reduction at the consumption stage of the supply chain. Different levels of steel product lifetimes are simulated for the UK in 2050 and their impacts are examined in terms of UK steel production, implicit steel imports, and global carbon dioxide emissions. Steel product lifetime extension promotes a reduction in the need for steel imports, by reducing the demand for new steel, which leads to lower carbon dioxide emissions required to supply the UK steel demand. The results demonstrate the criticality of a focus on the consumption stage, since any interventions made towards demand reduction of end-use goods leads to material reduction across the supply chain
Behaviour and design of composite beams subjected to negative bending and compression
No full textThis paper investigates the behaviour of steel–concrete composite beams subjected to the combined effectsof negative bending and axial compression. For this study, six full-scale tests were conducted on compositebeams subjected to negative moment while compression was applied simultaneously. The level of the appliedaxial compression varied from low to high. Following the tests, a nonlinear finite elementmodel was developedand calibrated against the experimental results. The model was found to be capable of predicting the nonlinearresponse and the ultimate failure modes of the tested beams. The developed finite element model was furtherused to carry out a series of parametric analyses on a range of composite sections commonly used in practice.It was found that, when a compressive load acts in the composite section, the negative moment capacity of acomposite beamis significantly reduced and local buckling in the steel beamismore pronounced, compromisingthe ductility of the section. Rigid plastic analysis based on sectional equilibrium can reasonably predict the combinedstrength of a composite section and, thus, can be used conservatively in the design practice. Detailingwithlongitudinal stiffeners in the web of the steel beam in the regions of negative bending eliminate web bucklingand increase the rotational capacity of the composite section. Based on the experimental outcomes and the finiteelement analyses a simplified design model is proposed for use in engineering practice
How Can Indian Railways Service the Steel Sector Better?
No full textThe focus of this paper is on how Indian Railways can service the steel sector better. The steel sector is a core sector, with railways playing a critical role in its logistics. The paper examines the changing industry structure and brings to light the increased need for transportation, as compared to normal planning processes. Traditionally, crude and finished steel making was done in the same location by big producers having integrated plants. Now the industry has a large number of producers who primarily focus on crude steel making or finished steel making, necessitating the need for transporting crude steel to the finished steel makers. Even within finished steel making, there could be levels of value addition where the output of one finished steel maker could become the input for another. This has implications for the transporters including Indian Railways in formulating their strategies. Further, based on the growth projections of the steel sector and a possible increased share of rail transport, Indian Railways need to strategize for a six fold increase in traffic. This could be upto 1 billion tons of originating traffic by 2019-20. The papers examines the current issues in rail transport for the steel sector and proposes strategies for the way forward under the dimensions of infrastructure, technology and systems.
The steel industry in the European Union: Composition and drivers of energy prices and costs. CEPS Special Report No. 80, 17 December 2013
No full textThis report assesses the energy costs borne by the steel industry in the EU between 2010 and 2012, and compares the energy costs, including both the energy components and other regulatory costs, to production costs, turnover and margins of steel-makers. The estimates of energy costs are based on primary sources, i.e. is on information provided by steel-makers through a written questionnaire. This information was validated by the research team by checking annual energy bills, when available, and other public sources. In this respect, this exercise represents a unique fact-based investigation into the costs of energy for steel-makers in Europe, whereas most of the information currently available in the public domain is based on secondary or statistical information.
In 2012, the median EU steel plant pays about €33/MWh for gas, up from €26/MWh in 2010. As for electricity, in 2012 the EU median plant pays €62/MWh, up from €59/MWh in 2010. The report also includes a comparison with the prices of energy carriers paid by producers based in the US
Effect of interlamellar spacing on the elastoplastic behavior of C70 pearlitic steel: Experimental results and self-consistent modeling
No full textThe effect of pearlite microstructure characteristics on strength and deformation of C70 pearlitic steel was investigated. Tensile tests under X-ray diffraction coupled with self-consistent model have been used to identify the role of interlamellar spacing on the ferrite plasticity parameters and residual stress induced by plasticity. Tests have been carried out on two pearlitic microstructures with interlamellar spacing Sp = 170 and 230 nm respectively. Ferrite critical shear stresses ðs0c ðaÞÞ are equal to 75–86 MPa for interlamellar spacing Sp = 230 nm and 105–120 MPa for interlamellar spacing Sp = 170 nm. Moreover, the compressive residual stress measured in ferrite phase is higher in elasto-plastically deformed sample (total strain of E11 = 1.2%) having larger interlamellar spacing (rR Fea ¼ 161 MPa for Sp = 230 nm and rR Fea ¼ 77 MPa for Sp = 170 nm)
Full-Field Geometric Imperfection Measurement Using A Projection Speckle Correlation Method And Computational Modeling Of Cold Formed Steel Rack Uprights
No full textCopyright © 2022 by The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction and The Author(s). The objective of this study is to provide an innovative and efficient method to measure the geometric imperfections of complex sections such as steel rack uprights and to numerically study their behavior with imperfection sensitivity. Steel rack uprights are generally thin-walled cold-formed steel members, and their compressive capacity and stability are sensitive to initial geometric imperfections. Due to the complexity of the section, accurately measuring the imperfection of such sections could be challenging and labor-intensive. In this paper, the projection speckle correlation method and close-range photogrammetry technique are used to measure the full circumference morphology of the steel rack upright and obtain a 3D point cloud morphology of the member specimen. The initial geometric imperfection is then calculated from the point cloud database. Some characteristics of the imperfection field in the member are further analyzed. The proposed measurement method in this paper, as the first of its kind in the application of geometric imperfection measurement for cold-formed steel structures, has the advantages of low cost, high-speed, and high precision in 3D full-field geometric imperfections for complex sections, and can help further develop more reliable imperfection models for simulations. Moreover, the shell finite element (FE) model is established from the point cloud database along with the ideal member of the upright. Geometric imperfections are also incorporated into the ideal model of the upright in the FE nonlinear collapse analysis to study imperfection sensitivity and compare with the point-cloud model. The results highlight the sensitivity in selecting the imperfection mode shape and its magnitude using the traditional modal approach, which warrants more imperfection databases for the upright.Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20191268); Technology Development Fund for Local Regions from Central Government (XZ202201YD0032C)
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