1,720,975 research outputs found
From Microelectrodes to Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
No full textThis chapter considers advances in electroanalytical chemistry which resulted from the
development of microelectrodes, an area of research where Martin Fleischmann made significant
theoretical and experimental contributions. Briefly, a microelectrode is defined as
an electrode with at least one dimension sufficiently small (typically less than 50 μm) that its
amperometric properties are a function of this characteristic length [1, 2]. Historically, the
development of microelectrodes resulted from the needs of biologists to perform measurements
in real biological systems. For this, tiny electrodes were required to operate in situ,
typically in vivo, and to offer localized recordings without affecting the integrity of the biological
tissues. Hence, as early as 1942 electrophysiologists were developing micrometersized
electrodes to determine,amperometrically, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in
animal tissues [3]. Subsequently, efforts moved on to the development of potentiometric
microelectrodes [4, 5], and it was not until the 1970s that the advantages of amperometry
at micrometer-sized electrodes began to be fully recognized, primarily for the ability to
perform voltammetry in vivo, especially in studies of neurotransmitters [6, 7]. Although,
previously, the electrochemical fraternity had frequently referred to microelectrodes, these
were in fact millimeter-sized electrodes; consequently, in order to avoid confusion the truly
micrometer-sized electrodes were denoted ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs)during the early
1980s [8–10]
Steady-State voltammetry for hydroxide ion oxidation in aqueous solutions inabsence and with varying concentrations of supporting electrolyte
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Calibrationless determination of cadmium, lead and copper in rain samples by stripping voltammetry at mercury microelectrodes: effect of natural convection on the deposition step
No full textMercury microelectrodes were prepared by ex situ deposition of Hg onto Pt microdises. By exploiting the known properties of microelectrodes in stripping analysis, an absolute method based on a simple equation derived from the stripping charge and the microelectrode steady-state current was assessed for the simultaneous quantification of Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ concentrations. The method was tested with synthetic solutions containing known amounts of Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+. Then, it was used to determine the labile and total fractions of these metal ions in rain samples. The labile fractions were measured from samples at their natural pH while the total concentrations were determined from samples at pH = 2
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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