1,721,025 research outputs found
Terapia farmacologica dell'influenza e delle sue complicanze
No full textL'influenza è una patologia respiratoria causata da virus influenzali di tipo A (più comuni) e di tipo B. La prevenzione mediante i vaccini è la procedura più pratica e più conveniente per il controllo dei virus influenzali. Attualmente è possibile attuare sia prevenzione che trattamento dell'influenza mediante farmaci antivirali, in alcune popolazioni particolari ed in soggetti ad alto rischio. I farmaci antivirali possono contrastare l'azione dei virus e per essere efficaci debbono essere assunti entro 36 ore dall'esposizione ai virus. I farmaci attualmente disponibili appartengono a due categorie: i bloccanti M2 e gli inibitori della neuraminidasi. I primi sono caratterizzati da elevata biodisponibilità orale e relativa tollerabilità ma sono attivi solo nei confronti di virus di tipo A. Inoltre presentano una relativamente rapido sviluppo di resistenza. I secondi sono ben tollerati e sono attivi nei confronti di virus di tipo A e B e possiedono un potenziale di resistenza inferiore a quello dei bloccanti M2. Le superinfezioni batteriche nel corso di patologie respiratorie virali rappresentano un fenomeno clinicamente ben documentato. Le epidemie di influenza sono accompagnate da un aumento di ricoveri per polmonite batterica sostenuta da pneumococco, H. influenzae e S. aureus e da un incremento di incidenza di infezioni da meningococco. Le complicanze batteriche dell'influenza necessitano terapia antibiotica ma non giustificano l'uso sistematico di antibiotici in corso di patologie esclusivamente virali
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Uses and misuses of optimal power flow programs in competitive electricity market structure
No full textCompartimenti intracellulari batterici e distribuzione intra-cellulare dei chemioantibiotici
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IN VITRO COMPARATIVE DYNAMICS OF MODIFIED RELEASE CLARITHROMYCIN AND OF AZITHROMYCIN
No full textAntibacterial kinetics of modified-release clarithromycin (CLA) and azithromycin (AZI) against respiratory tract pathogens were compared in relation to their pharmacokinetic profile. The study was carried out in three strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae, respectively, exposed to concentration gradients of CLA and AZI simulating human serum pharmacokinetics after administration of 500 mg p.o. in a single dose. Bactericidal kinetics were assessed by counting the number of survivors before each change in concentration over a period of 36 h. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CLA and AZI were evaluated at time 0 and after 36 h of exposure to antibiotics in the surviving organisms. The results showed that CLA and AZI, in the experimental conditions adopted, had different antibacterial kinetics. Moreover, the addition of the 14-OH metabolite of CLA at the same concentrations reached in human serum exerted a bactericidal effect against two strains of H. influenzae resistant to CLA and AZI. An increase in MICs was observed against S. pyogenes and H. influenzae, with higher values for AZI. Copyright (C) 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel
La qualità delle relazioni e della comunicazione economico-finanziaria delle PMI italiane
No full textA new model examining intracellular and extracellular activity of amoxicillin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin in infected cells
No full textAn in vitro infection model was created using a suspension of macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and human serum to which pathogen and antibiotic were added. Separate intracellular and extracellular antibiotic concentrations and activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Legionella pneumophila were assessed for three antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin, azithromycin and clarithromycin. Amoxicillin was found almost exclusively in extracellular fluid, where it was active; intracellularly, it was ineffective. Azithromycin, in contrast, was primarily concentrated and active intracellularly, with little activity in extracellular fluid. Clarithromycin was present in both compartments and possessed significant activity both intracellularly and extracellularly
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