4,955 research outputs found
An introductory reference guide to the cross-linguistic study of the consonants C/k/ and G/g/ from vulgar Latin to romance languages French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian in the initial, medial, and/or ending positions up to the 12th century, 2006
No full textThis dissertation proposes an analysis of the consonants C/k/ and G/g/ from Vulgar Latin to the five Romance Languages: French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian in the initial, medial, and/or ending positions up to the 12th century. This study examined the evolution of C/k/ and G/g/ in each language while noting the history and cultures that impacted their evolution. I discuss how the spoken language of Italian evolved slowly from the late Vulgar Latin of the Empire, in close contact with the universal standard of Medieval Latin, yet is consistent with the rest of the languages in this study when it comes to consonants /b/ d/g/ being pronounced as plosives when they occur at the beginning of the word. I examine the similarities that persist in Romanian and Italian, in spite of Romanian's isolation from the other Romance languages. I selected these consonants based on the conjugation irregularity of Romance verbs. The findings reflect a consistent conclusion taking into account scribers' errors, political reformations and numerous wars: Relative to all the languages in this research: initial consonants, single or followed by another consonant, remained unchanged; less resistance is offered by intervocalic consonants that either weakened or just disappeared; and final unsupported (preceded by a vowel) consonants or supported (preceded by a consonant) either remained or disappeared, up to the twelfth century. Research also included such variables impacting the languages as cultural concerns; non-contact with other Romance languages; and, geographical isolation
Thallium bromide-iodide crystal
No full textIn 1947, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) contracted with the Bureau of Ships to explore the optical properties of crystalline thallium bromide-iodide. While the crystal itself is red in color, it was known for its transmissivity of infrared radiation. The uses for this radiation and related instrumentation was of military interest, especially for communications. NBS physicist Earle Plyler, who devoted much of his career to infrared spectroscopy, headed the NBS effort to study several optical characteristics of the crystal. This thallium bromide-iodide crystal was grown at NBS, which also leveraged its Optical Shop to fabricate prisms out of this material. Plyler and fellow NBS researchers utilized these prisms to expand the wavelength range of prism spectroscopy from about 25 µm to 40 µm.[H] 4 cm [W] 17 cm [D] 8 c
Sacramental exercises or, The Christian's employment, before, at, and after the Lords Supper. By Jabez Earle.
No full text[5], 104, [1] p. ; 14 cm. (8vo)Evans, who locates no copy, gives imprint as: Boston: Printed by T. Fleet and T. Crump. 1715.Signatures: A-F^8 G^8(-G8) (E1 missigned D).Odd numbered pages on versos."Books printed for, and sold by D. Henchman in King-Street, Boston."--p. [105]
International R & D expenditures and external technology sourcing.
No full textThe paper examines the two-way relationship between external R&D activities and internal R&D expenditures on a cross-section of Flemish R&D active companies. The analysis extends the classical explanatory variables like size, diversification, ownership structure and technological opportunities to include the impact of various external sourcing strategies. R&D cooperation and to a lesser extent R&D contracted out are found to have a significant positive effect on internal R&D but only if the companies have absorptive capacity in the form of a full-time staffed R&D department. At the same time firms are found to be more likely engaged in R&D cooperation, the more they spend on internal R&D.International; Sourcing;
The Boundary of the Firm in Transition: Evidence from Four Post-Socialist Countries ----- Its title in Hungarian: A vállalati határok átrendeződése a szocializmus után
No full textA spectacular rearrangement of firm boundaries took place in post-socialist countries in the early 1990s, a period during which the socialist enterprise structure dismantled in a relatively short time. This paper investigates the boundary changes of companies in four countries: the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary, and Romania. A database of 336 companies from the four countries including data for ten years (1989 – 1998) serves as a basis for the analysis. The split-ups in the sample data are analyzed separately according to whether the structural change happened before or after privatization, as the underlying motivations might have been different depending on whether the company was controlled by managers appointed by the state, with associated ambiguous incentives and uncertain career prospects, as opposed to private owners with clearly defined property rights.
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Az 1990-es évek elején viszonylag rövid idő alatt végbement a centralizált szocialista vállalati struktúra szétbomlása, és látványosan átrendeződtek a vállalatok határai. A vállalatok működési kereteinek módosulása természetes és szükséges folyamat volt, hiszen a bürökratikus tervgazdasági irányítás céljait szolgáló, összevont vállalati szerkezetben működő cégek a piaci koordináció megjelenésével újra kellett, hogy gondolják működésüket, belső szerkezetüket és külső kapcsolatrendszerüket. Ez a folyamat azonban igen sajátos körülmények között zajlott le, egy kiszámíthatónak és tisztán piacinak nem nevezhető, bizonytalan környezetben. Felvetődik a kérdés, hogy milyen erők határozhatták meg, mely szervezeti egységek váltak külön, fel lehet –e fedezni valamilyen törvényszerűséget a vállalatok határainak átrendeződésével kapcsolatban? A tanulmány egy 330 elemből álló, cseh, szlovák, magyar és román vállalatokból álló minta adatai alapján próbál a kérdésre választ keresni
Chromis earina Pyle, Earle & Greene, 2008, new species
No full textChromis earina, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 269 D 61 C 2-50 B 3-4 A 8 C-BEFB-D 9 CFBCF 91 BA 4 Spring Chromis (Figs. 5 a – 5 c; Tables 3 & 6; Morphbank 137; GenBank 138; Barcode 139) Holotype. MNHN 2007 - 1921 140 (63.3 mm SL), Vanuatu; Espiritu Santo; off W coast of Tutuba Island (15 ° 32 ' 39.28 "S, 167 ° 16 ' 29.82 "E): near large boulder along steep slope with rubble and sand; many gorgonians, 116 m, rotenone and vacuum device, R.L. Pyle and B.D. Greene, 22 October 2006 [PCMB 3131 141]. Paratypes. BMNH 2007.10. 31.5 142 (62.5 mm SL), Vanuatu; Espiritu Santo; off W coast of Tutuba Island (15 ° 32 ' 35.23 "S, 167 ° 16 ' 49.65 "E): large rock outcrop with surrounding sand and rubble, below base of large drop-off, 116 m, hand net, B.D. Greene, 20 October 2006. BPBM 37674 143 (54.0 mm SL), Belau (Palau) Islands; Augulpelu Reef, W side (7 ° 16 ' 24.6 "N, 134 ° 31 ' 26.4 "E): shelf flanked by numerous small caves, 90 m, hand net, R.L. Pyle, 7 May 1997. BPBM 37714 144 (4; 48.7–67.52), same locality as BPBM 37674: cave in drop-off, 90 m, rotenone, R.L. Pyle and J.L. Earle, 12 May 1997. BPBM 40720 145 (2; 59.7–64.4 mm SL), Vanuatu; Espiritu Santo; off N end of Tutuba Island (15 ° 32 ' 28.57 "S, 167 ° 16 ' 51.17 "E): at base of outer reef dropoff ranging from 60–100 m, 100 m, rotenone and vacuum device, R.L. Pyle, 10 October 2006. CAS 225759 146 (59.6 mm SL), Fiji Islands; Viti Levu Island; Suva; outside of Suva Harbor; S end of “Fish Patch”; below cave (18 ° 9 ' 36.6 "S, 178 ° 23 ' 57.6 "E): sand and rubble slope with scattered outcroppings, below base of vertical reef drop-off, 104–110 m, rotenone, R.L. Pyle, J.L. Earle, and J. Dituri, 4 February 2002. MNHN 2007 - 1926 147 (35.7 mm SL), same collecting data as BPBM 40720. USNM 391140 148 (66.3 mm SL), Vanuatu; Espiritu Santo; off W coast of Tutuba Island (15 ° 32 ' 58.78 "S, 167 ° 16 ' 40.98 "E): steep slope with rubble and sand, with some rocky outcrops with small caves and undercuts; many gorgonians, 100 m, rotenone and vacuum device, R.L. Pyle, 16 October 2006. WAM P. 32902 -001 149 (53.9 mm SL), Belau (Palau) Islands; Ngemlis Island, SE tip; "Big Drop" (7 ° 6 ' 11.89 "N, 134 ° 15 ' 2.67 "E), 85 m, hand net, R.L. Pyle, 18 May 1997. Diagnosis. Dorsal rays XII–XIII, 11–12 (usually XIII, 12); anal rays II, 12; pectoral rays 17–18 (usually 18); spiniform caudal rays 3; tubed lateral-line scales 13–15 (rarely 16); gill rakers 6–8 + 18–21 (total 26–28, rarely 25); body depth 1.65–1.9 in SL; color when fresh pale slate blue (bright pale green in life); a white spot (sometimes two white spots) roughly the size of a scale mid-laterally on the body; malachite green area above orbit and in inter-orbital space and nape; dorsal and anal fins with bright distal border of pale turquoise blue. Description. Dorsal rays XIII, 12 (one paratype with XII, another with 11); anal rays II, 12; all dorsal and anal rays branched, the last to base in some specimens; pectoral rays 18 (17–18), the upper 2 and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I, 5; principal caudal rays 8 + 7 = 15; upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 5, the anterior 3 spiniform, the posterior 2 segmented and unbranched; tubed lateral-line scales 15 (13–16, one paratype with 16); posterior midlateral scales with a pore or deep pit 8 (4–8); scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 3; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 9 (8–9); gill rakers 7 + 21 = 28 (6–8 + 18–21 = 26–28, one paratype with 25); surpaneural (predorsal) bones 3; vertebrae 12 + 13. Body moderately deep, depth 1.90 (1.65–1.89) in SL, and compressed, the width 3.29 (2.71–3.70) in body depth; head length 2.96 (2.82–3.14) in SL; dorsal profile of head with convexity anterior to eye and concavity dorsal to eye; snout shorter than orbit diameter, its length 3.57 (3.52–4.40) in head length; orbit diameter 2.27 (2.11–2.40) in head length; interorbital space convex, its width 2.73 (2.60–3.22) in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 2.35 (2.00– 2.43) in head; caudal-peduncle length 3.33 (2.79–4.26) in head. Mouth terminal, small, oblique, the upper jaw forming an angle of about 52 º to horizontal axis of head and body; posterior edge of maxilla reaching slightly beyond a vertical at anterior edge of pupil, the upper jaw length 3.06 (2.85–3.24) in head; teeth multi-serial, an outer row of conical teeth in each jaw, largest anteriorly; about 30 upper and about 27 lower teeth on each side of jaw; a narrow band of villiform teeth lingual to outer row, in 2–3 irregular rows anteriorly, narrowing to a single row on side of jaws; tongue triangular with rounded tip; gill rakers long and slender, the longest on lower limb near angle about four-fifths length of longest gill filaments; nostril with a fleshy rim, more elevated on posterior edge and located at level of middle of pupil, slightly less than one-third distance from front of snout to base of upper lip. Opercle ending posteriorly in a flat spine, the tip relatively obtuse and obscured by a large scale; margin of preopercle smooth, the posterior margin extending dorsally to level of upper edge of pupil; suborbital with free lower margin extending nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of pupil. Scales finely ctenoid; anterior lateral line ending beneath rear portion of spinous dorsal fin (between 12 th and 13 th dorsal-fin spines); head scaled except lips, tip of snout, and a narrow zone from orbit to edge of snout containing nostrils; a scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins, about two-thirds pupil diameter at base of middle of spinous portion of dorsal fin, progressively narrower on soft portion; a column of scales on each membrane of dorsal fin, narrowing distally, those on spinous portion of dorsal progressively longer, reaching about two-thirds distance to spine tips on posterior membranes; scales on anal-fin membrane in two columns, progressively smaller distally; small scales on caudal fin extending to about one-half distance to posterior margin; small scales on basal one-fifth of pectoral fins; a median scaly process extending posteriorly from between base of pelvic fins, its length about one-third that of pelvic spine; axillary scale above base of pelvic spine slightly more than one-third length of spine. Origin of dorsal fin over third lateral-line scale, the pre-dorsal distance 2.35 (2.24–2.48) in SL; base of spinous portion of dorsal fin contained 2.32 (2.13–2.52) in SL; base of soft portion of dorsal fin contained 6.28 (5.59–7.56) in SL; first dorsal spine 10.27 (9.20–11.88) in SL; second dorsal spine 7.11 (5.91–7.43) in SL; third dorsal spine 5.55 (4.88–6.01) in SL; fourth dorsal spine 5.62 (4.68–5.55) in SL; fifth dorsal spine 5.50 (4.68–5.51) in SL; sixth dorsal spine 5.57 (4.68–5.68) in SL; last dorsal spine 7.05 (6.17–7.21) in SL; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin moderately incised; fourth dorsal soft ray longest, its length 4.25 (3.61–4.74) in SL; first anal spine 10.85 (9.93–12.43) in SL; second anal spine 3.80 (3.76–4.23) in SL; first anal soft ray the longest, its length 4.32 (3.69–4.87) in SL; caudal fin forked, its length 2.83 (2.45–2.99) in SL, the caudal concavity 4.49 (3.33–5.26) in SL; fourth pectoral-fin ray longest, 2.82 (2.55–2.92) in SL; pelvic spine 5.23 (4.62–5.85) in SL; first soft ray of pelvic fin filamentous, usually reaching to first or second analfin ray (when not broken or otherwise damaged), its length 2.84 (2.47–3.91) in SL. TABLE 6. Proportional measurements (%SL) and counts of Chromis earina, new species. Values separated by a pipe “|” are left|right or upper|lower. Holotype Paratypes TABLE 6 (continued). Proportional measurements (%SL) and counts of Chromis earina, new species. Values separated by a pipe “|” are left|right or upper|lower. Color of adults and juveniles when fresh pale slate blue (bright pale green in life), slightly darker dorsally and slightly lighter on thorax; a white spot roughly the size of a scale mid-laterally, approximately below the tenth dorsal-fin spine and two scale rows below the lateral line, size and shape of spot variable, occasionally as two small spots in vertical orientation; malachite green area above orbit and in interorbital space, extending diffusely onto nape; bright band of pale turquoise blue below orbit extending across upper lip; spinous portion of dorsal fin color of body, with bright distal border of pale turquoise blue; soft dorsal-fin membrane pale blue, becoming translucent on distal half; caudal fin pale slate blue, becoming lighter and distally translucent on inner rays; caudal fin tips dark, almost black; anal fin pale slate blue, with pale turquoise blue anterior distal border; pectoral fin translucent; yellowish spot about scale size at upper pectoral axil; pelvic fin spine and first-ray filament pale turquoise blue, membranes translucent; iris dark gray with white inner border. Color in alcohol olive-brown with whitish margins on median fins; white spot on side of body not visible. Distribution. Collected or observed throughout the tropical western Pacific, from Puluwat westward to Palau, south to Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Fiji. It was not observed at Rarotonga (Cook Islands), Kiritimati (Line Islands), or American Samoa during brief surveys of deep reefs at those localities. A single specimen was also recently collected by Mark Erdmann (Conservation International) in 75 m depth at Misool Island, Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia (G. Allen, pers. comm.). Etymology. Named earina, a Latinized form of the Greek adjective earinos (meaning “the color of spring”, i.e., green), in reference to the pale green color of this species in life. Remarks. This species inhabits the same general habitat as the other new species described herein: steep outer reef slopes and drop-offs with rocky outcrops and small caves and holes, often in association with limestone talus. It is often observed in pairs or small groups, feeding low in the water column, and is generally abundant where it is found. Similarities with other species are discussed in the Remarks section under the account of C. brevirostris.Published as part of Richard L. Pyle, John L. Earle & Brian D. Greene, 2008, Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific, pp. 3-31 in Zootaxa 1671 on pages 21-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18018
Absorbing new subjects: holography as an analog of photography
No full textI discuss the early history of holography and explore how perceptions, applications, and forecasts of the subject were shaped by prior experience. I focus on the work of Dennis Gabor (1900–1979) in England,Yury N. Denisyuk (b. 1924) in the Soviet Union, and Emmett N. Leith (1927–2005) and Juris Upatnieks (b. 1936) in the United States. I show that the evolution of holography was simultaneously promoted and constrained by its identification as an analog of photography, an association that influenced its assessment by successive audiences of practitioners, entrepreneurs, and consumers. One consequence is that holography can be seen as an example of a modern technical subject that has been shaped by cultural influences more powerfully than generally appreciated.
Conversely, the understanding of this new science and technology in terms of an older one helps
to explain why the cultural effects of holography have been more muted than anticipated by forecasters
between the 1960s and 1990s
Social and Environmental Risk and the Development of Social Complexity in Precolumbian Masaya, Nicaragua
No full textThis dissertation evaluates the applicability of three models that purport to describe and predict the development and establishment of social complexity based on the interplay between environmental setting and human communities. The three models are juxtaposed in terms of the conditions required to foment the development of and formalization of social complexity and the corresponding level of inequality, so that each model requires contrasting environmental risk conditions relative to the other two.
Considering the relative dearth of archaeological studies focused on understanding the development of social complexity in Nicaragua, and the abundance of readily accessible precolumbian ceramics and lithics available on soil surfaces, a full coverage, surface survey (172km2) was conducted in the municipalities of Tisma and Ticuantepe in the vicinity of Masaya, Nicaragua in order to obtain the data necessary to test the suitability of each model. Relative synchronic and diachronic changes, including the tempo and pace were documented using the established and broadly accepted ceramic chronology, including the distribution over the municipal territories and the densities of occupation within each defined community. The results indicate very distinctive patterns for each region over an occupation sequence lasting at least two millennia.
Though this dissertation illustrates the limitations of each model using the data available, it also contributes to a clearer understanding of the configurations and trajectories of social change may take in Pacific Nicaragua, thus adding to the growing corpus of comparable archaeological datasets that may bring forth increasingly sophisticated models explaining the development of inequality and its role in the development of increasingly complex social forms.
The complete settlement dataset is available in the University of Pittsburgh Comparative Archaeology Database (http://www.cadb.pitt.edu/)
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