1,720,977 research outputs found
Il contrasto legislativo ai socialbot e le soluzioni avanzate negli Stati Uniti d’America a livello federale e statale
No full textL’utilizzo dei social media ha permesso a chiunque di diffondere il proprio pensiero con una velocità ed una capillarità che eclissano
quelle dei grandi organi di stampa tradizionali. All’interno di queste “piazze virtuali” operano anche i cosiddetti “social bot”, dei
programmi che, una volta forniti delle credenziali di accesso di un account, sono in grado di gestirlo in autonomia dando, però, l’im-
pressione di essere una persona vera. La loro rapidità e precisione di reazione sui social network rendono questi “strumenti digitali”
pericolosamente utili per la diffusione di contenuti favorevoli od ostili. Il recente impiego dei socialbot all’interno del dibattito elettorale
e politico di diverse nazioni e le sue conseguenze hanno spinto i legislatori di diversi Stati ad intervenire contro questo fenomeno.
Vengono qui prese in considerazione le riforme – e le proposte di riforma – avanzate negli Stati Uniti d’America sia a livello federale
che a livello statale che specificamente mirano a contrastare l’uso di social bot con intenti malevoli o fuorvianti. Si avanzano, quindi,
alcune osservazioni circa l’efficacia di queste soluzioni e quali avrebbero potuto essere degli interventi più consoni alla soluzione di un
problema che già sta avendo degli effetti profondi sul tessuto sociale.The use of social media has allowed anyone to spread their thoughts with a speed and a capillarity that eclipse those of the large traditional press com-
panies. Within these “virtual squares” also operate the so-called “social bot”, programs that, once provided with the login credentials of an account, can
manage it independently, but giving the impression of being a real person. Their rapidity and precision of reaction on social networks make these “digi-
tal tools” dangerously useful for the dissemination of favourable or hostile content. The recent use of socialbots within the electoral and political debate
of different nations and its consequences have prompted the legislators of various States to act against this phenomenon. We took into consideration
here the reforms – and reform proposals – made in the United States of America both at federal and state level that specifically aim to counter the use
of social bots with malicious or misleading intent. Then, some observations are made about the effectiveness of these solutions and what interventions
may be more suited to the solution of a problem that is already having profound effects on the social fabric
La responsabilità per la diffamazione compiuta da una intelligenza artificiale. Possibili scenari costruiti partendo dall’esempio dell’IA Tay
No full textNel 2016 Microsoft lanciò Tay, una IA capace di interagire sui social media e di imparare dai messaggi che riceveva. Dopo solo ventiquattro ore, Tay cominciò a pubblicare contenuti discriminatori e diffamatorii e venne spenta. In casi simili, dal momento che i contenuti verrebbero pubblicati autonomamente da un’IA, c’è il problema di capire chi potrebbe essere ritenuto penalmente responsabile per i danni causati. Traendo spunto dai principi espressi nelle recenti proposte di normative civilistiche della Commissione europea, si ipotizza che la responsabilità penale debba essere attribuita a coloro che hanno i privilegi di amministratore di un’IA. Sebbene tale ipotesi possa sembrare come un tentativo di applicazione analogica, essa si basa sulla considerazione che chi amministra un’IA finisce col rivestire una posizione di garanzia e, quindi, dovrebbe approntare tutte le debite cautele nella custodia e nel governo di essa.In 2016, Microsoft launched Tay, an AI capable of interacting on social media and learning from the messages it received. After only twenty-four hours, Tay began to publish discriminatory and defamatory content and was shut down. In similar cases, since the content would be published autonomously by an AI, there is the question of who could be held criminally liable for the damage caused. Drawing inspiration from the principles expressed in the European Commission’s recent proposals for civil law, we hypothesise that criminal liability should be attributed to those who have administrator privileges of an AI. Although this hypothesis may seem like an attempt of application by analogy, it is based on the consideration that whoever administrates an IA ends up holding a special legal duty and, therefore, should take all due precautions for the custody and the governance of it
Il contrasto legislativo ai socialbot e le soluzioni avanzate nella Repubblica di Singapore e nella Repubblica d’Irlanda
Get PDFL’utilizzo dei social media ha permesso a chiunque di diffondere il proprio pensiero con
una velocità ed una capillarità che eclissano quelle dei grandi organi di stampa tradi-
zionali. All’interno di queste “piazze virtuali” operano anche i cosiddetti “social bot”,
dei programmi che, una volta forniti delle credenziali di accesso di un account, sono in
grado di gestirlo in autonomia dando, però, l’impressione di essere una persona vera.
La loro rapidità e precisione di reazione sui social network rendono questi “strumenti
digitali” pericolosamente utili per la diffusione di contenuti favorevoli od ostili. Il re-
cente impiego dei socialbot all’interno del dibattito elettorale e politico di diverse nazio-
ni e le sue conseguenze hanno spinto i legislatori di diversi Stati ad intervenire contro
questo fenomeno. Vengono qui prese in considerazione le riforme – e le proposte
di riforma – avanzate nella Repubblica di Singapore e nella Repubblica d’Irlanda che
specificamente mirano a contrastare l’uso di social bot con intenti malevoli o fuorvianti.The use of social media has allowed anyone to spread their thoughts with a speed and
a capillarity that eclipse those of the large traditional press companies. Within these
“virtual squares” also operate the so-called “social bot,” programs that, once provided
with the login credentials of an account, can manage it independently, but giving
the impression of being a real person. Their rapidity and precision of reaction on
social networks make these “digital tools” dangerously useful for the dissemination
of favourable or hostile content. The recent use of socialbots within the electoral and
political debate of different nations and its consequences have prompted the legisla-
tors of various States to act against this phenomenon. We took into consideration
here the reforms – and reform proposals – made in the Republic of Singapore and in
the Republic of Ireland which specifically aim to counter the use of social bots with
malicious or misleading intent
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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