1,721,043 research outputs found
The changing ecology and equity of policing:Some implications of reconfiguring police organisational boundaries in an era of police reform
No full textIntroduction:a 'transformative moment in policing'
Full text linkThere is a long tradition of claims regarding the transformation of policing and of radical change in systems of crime control. While the authors do not want to fall into the trap of overexaggerating the degree of change, the reforms to the structure and organization of public police institutions discussed in the further chapters of this book clearly demonstrate significant attempts by government at large-scale and comprehensive police reform. Furthermore, while there are some important similarities and degrees of convergence in the types of reform being implemented in many of the countries examined in this book, there are also important differences and divergences that need to be recognized. The question mark that appears in the title of this volume is quite deliberate: not all police forces are being centralized and even for those that are, the nature, meaning and processes of centralization may be experienced very differently across jurisdictions. The caveats that are normally applied in discussions of globalization in relation to policing are just as relevant to considerations of centralization, namely that "police policies, legal systems, organizations and cultures continue to be national entities, bound to national traditions and circumstances" (Verhage et al., 2010: 9). In addition, while some of the chapters in this book do illustrate a degree of at least 'lesson learning' if not 'policy transfer' between particular countries, it is important to acknowledge that the reform of policing, like policy making more generally, rarely follows the neat logical stages of a rational choice model, but is messy, contingent, and often the product of compromises and political expediency (Newburn & Sparks, 2004a: 12). This book, then, is very much a starting point in understanding and thinking about the nature of contemporary police reform in northern and western Europe and lays the foundations for future comparative analysis. It provides a snap shot of a remarkably dynamic policing landscape in which lots of questions remain to be answered regarding the implementation, impact and implications of reform and, in particular, whether these changes achieve their intended goals
In search of sustainable policing?:creating a national police force in Scotland
Full text linkReform and policing have become familiar companions in the UK over the past couple of decades, even if the nature, scope and pace of this reform have evolved differently in the three main jurisdictions. Ever since the Sheehy Inquiry (Home Office, 1993) into Police Responsibilities and Rewards established by a Conservative Government and that covered England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, the attempts at changing the landscape of 'British' policing that emanated from that Inquiry have been quite distinctive in the different areas of the UK. Much of the police legislation of the 1990s and 2000s that promoted change was applied only to England and Wales and focused vigorously on the prevailing liberal doctrines of 'value for money', performance and accountability, and efficiency and effectiveness within a public service. The police in Scotland were sometimes included in this legislation passed by the UK Parliament at Westminster, but in a minimal way. Nonetheless, the Scottish police service kept a watchful eye on developments in its southern neighbours and not infrequently imported models of business practice developed there, such as the use of the National Intelligence Model, the concept of 'Best Value' and the use of performance indicators. Even with the coming of the new Scottish Parliament and government, created by the 1998 Scotland Act, such moves were rarely embodied directly in legislation, but emerged from the close interactions between chief constables, politicians and civil servants encouraged by devolution (Scott, in press). Meanwhile, the complex and troubled issues around policing in Northern Ireland had been addressed by the Patten Report (1999), leading to the creation of a new police service and with it a wholesale series of reforms of everything from insignia to governance, from operational structures to human rights compliance. The close cultural and operational links with the new Police Service of Northern Ireland were to make it an obvious comparator when police reform came onto the agenda in Scotland
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The abstract police and occupational culture
Full text linkThis chapter uses data from qualitative interviews with serving police officers, police community support officers (PCSOs) and police civilian staff (herein referred to as staff) from four English police services to explore potential consequences of 'abstract' forms of policing for occupational identity, subculture and, relatedly, staff well-being. Terpstra et al. (2019: 340) use the concept of "abstract police" to describe a situation within contemporary policing where, "both internally and externally, the police have become more at a distance, more impersonal and formal, less direct, and more disconnected". They argue that forms of abstract police impact on relations, both internally with colleagues and externally with partners and the public. In this vein, we identify changes to police working practices that make police more abstract. According to those interviewed, these changes to police practices could have a negative impact on mental and physical health in the workplace, in part because they have reduced opportunities for informal mutual support - identified as important for mitigating the impact of stressful, risky and dangerous experiences
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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