44 research outputs found
Mechanisms mediating the impact of maternal obesity on offspring hypothalamic development and later function
Get PDFAs obesity rates have risen around the world, so to have pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity. Obesity during pregnancy is not only associated with negative health outcomes for the mother and the baby during pregnancy and birth, there is also strong evidence that exposure to maternal obesity causes an increased risk to develop obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. Animal models have demonstrated that increased weight gain in offspring exposed to maternal obesity is usually preceded by increased food intake, implicating altered neuronal control of food intake as a likely area of change. The hypothalamus is the primary site in the brain for maintaining energy homeostasis, which it coordinates by sensing whole body nutrient status and appropriately adjusting parameters including food intake. The development of the hypothalamus is plastic and regulated by metabolic hormones such as leptin, ghrelin and insulin, making it vulnerable to disruption in an obese in utero environment. This review will summarise how the hypothalamus develops, how maternal obesity impacts on structure and function of the hypothalamus in the offspring, and the factors that are altered in an obese in utero environment that may mediate the permanent changes to hypothalamic function in exposed individuals
Neuropeptide Y Neurons Integrate the Metabolic and Cognitive Effects of Brain Insulin Signaling
Get PDFAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is recognized as a global public health disease that deserves special attention as no definitive treatment has been found since its discovery by Alois Alzheimer in 1907
GHR ablation in the brain or in leptin receptor expressing cells causes metabolic effects during pregnancy
No full textAuthor Correction: Growth hormone regulates neuroendocrine responses to weight loss via AgRP neurons (Nature Communications, (2019), 10, 1, (662), 10.1038/s41467-019-08607-1)
No full text© 2019, The Author(s). The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author J. Donato Jr, which was incorrectly given as Donato J. Jr. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article
Subtitling of collocational patterns in children's animated movies: a corpus-based study
Get PDFDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, Florianópolis, 2015.Abstract : Due to technological innovations and to globalization, the translation of movies, or more specifically, audiovisual translation, has become an ever more common type of translation. However, most of the studies in the area focus on the technicalities involved in the activity, not taking into account the linguistic aspects of translation (Díaz Cintas & Remael, 2007). For that reason, little is known about the challenges and limitations of subtitling, and this area is constantly a target of criticism on its so called ?quality? (Carvalho, 2007). Following a descriptive approach (Toury, 2012), this research aims at uncovering the translation strategies (as defined by Chesterman, 1997; Pedersen, 2005; and Costa, 2014) used by subtitlers while rendering certain language patterns, namely collocations, from American English into Brazilian Portuguese. It takes on the methodological apparatus of corpus-based studies as they enable the processing of large quantities of data quickly and automatically. The corpus is made up of three children?s animated movies (Ice Age, Shrek and Toy Story), the subtitles of which were inserted in COPA-TRAD (Fernandes & Silva, 2013) ? a translation parallel corpus ? and analyzed following Pedersen?s (2005) classification of translation strategies for cultural expressions in subtitles. It was found that, most of the time, subtitlers will attempt to maintain the cultural expression in the translation or, at least, maintain its meaning, despite facing difficulties when dealing with puns and wordplay. In this sense, it can be attested that subtitlers were overall creative and innovative, possibly because of the movie genre they were working on ? animation. These results also show the unfounded nature of the criticism usually aimed this type of audiovisual translation.Graças aos avanços tecnológicos e à globalização, a tradução de filmes, ou mais especificamente, a tradução audiovisual, se tornou um tipo de tradução cada vez mais comum. No entanto, a maior parte das pesquisas feitas na área foca nas tecnicalidades envolvidas nessa atividade, sem levar em conta os aspectos linguísticos da tradução (Díaz Cintas e Remael, 2007). Por esse motivo, não se sabe muito sobre os desafios e as limitações da legendagem, e não raro esta área é alvo constante de críticas relacionadas à sua  qualidade (Carvalho, 2007). Seguindo uma abordagem descritivista (Toury, 1995), espera-se descobrir as estratégias de tradução (como definidas por Chesterman, 1997; Pedersen, 2005; e Costa, 2014) utilizadas por legendadores na tradução de determinados padrões linguísticos, ou colocações, do inglês americano para o português brasileiro. A metodologia aplicada é a dos estudos com base em corpus, já que estes permitem o processamento de grandes quantidades de dados de maneira rápida e automática. O corpus é composto por três filmes infantis de animação (A Era do Gelo, Shrek e Toy Story), cujas legendas foram inseridas no COPA-TRAD (Fernandes e Silva, 2013)  um corpus paralelo de tradução  e analisadas seguindo a classificação de estratégias de tradução de expressões culturais em legendas de Pedersen (2005). Descobriu-se que, na maioria das vezes, os legendadores tentam manter a expressão cultural na tradução ou, ao menos, manter seu significado, apesar de enfrentarem dificuldades ao lidarem com trocadilhos e jogos de palavras. Nesse sentido, pode-se afirmar que os legendadores foram em geral criativos e inovadores, possivelmente devido ao gênero dos filmes em que trabalharam  animação. Esses resultados mostram também a natureza infundada das críticas que são geralmente direcionadas a esse tipo de tradução audiovisual
Acute oral leucine increased the expression of Fos in the area postrema.
No full text<p>A-F. Brightfield photomicrographs of mouse brain sections showing the Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH; A-B), the mediobasal hypothalamus (C-D), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS; E-F) and the area postrema (AP; E-F) of mice from control group (A, C, E; <i>n</i> = 10) and leucine group (B, D, F; <i>n</i> = 9). Arrowheads indicate neurons expressing Fos-ir in the AP. The boxes shown in E and F exhibit a higher magnification image in the AP. Abbreviations: 3v, third ventricle; ARH, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; cc, central channel; DMH, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; f, fornix; LHA, lateral hypothalamic area; VMH, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Scale Bar: A-B = 50 µm; C-D = 100 µm; E-F = 50 µm (higher magnification boxes = 25 µm).</p
Body weight, adiposity and food intake were not affected by chronic leucine supplementation.
No full text<p>Body weight (A), mass of subcutaneous (SC), perigonadal (PG) and retroperitoneal (RP) fat pads (B-C), food intake (D-E, G-H) and water consumption (F, I) in mice receiving low- and high-fat diets of control and leucine groups (<i>n</i> = 9-10 per group). *, significantly different (<i>P</i> < 0.05) from control group.</p
Growth Hormone Receptor in Lateral Hypothalamic Neurons Is Required for Increased Food-Seeking Behavior during Food Restriction in Male Mice
Get PDFGrowth hormone (GH) action in the brain regulates neuroendocrine axes, energy and glucose homeostasis, and several neurological functions. The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) contains numerous neurons that respond to a systemic GH injection by expressing the phosphorylated STAT5, a GH receptor (GHR) signaling marker. However, the potential role of GHR signaling in the LHA is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that ∼70% of orexin- and leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing neurons in the LHA are responsive to GH. Male mice carrying inactivation of the Ghr gene in the LHA were generated via bilateral injections of an adeno-associated virus. In ad libitum-fed mice, GHR ablation in LHA neurons did not significantly change energy and glucose homeostasis. Subsequently, mice were subjected to 5 d of 40% food restriction. Food restriction decreased body weight, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate oxidation. These effects were similarly observed in control and LHAΔGHR mice. While food-deprived control mice progressively increased ambulatory/exploratory activity and food-seeking behavior, LHAΔGHR mice did not show hyperactivity induced by food restriction. GHR ablation in the LHA reduced the percentage of orexin neurons expressing c-Fos during food restriction. Additionally, an acute GH injection increased the expression of c-Fos in LHAORX neurons. Inactivation of Ghr in LepR-expressing cells did not prevent hyperactivity in food-deprived mice, whereas whole-brain Ghr knock-out mice showed reduced ambulatory activity during food restriction. Our findings indicate that GHR signaling in the LHA regulates the activity of orexin neurons and is necessary to increase food-seeking behavior in food-deprived male mice
Growth hormone signaling in leptin receptor expressing cells, but not in Kiss1 expressing neurons, regulates the timing of puberty
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