1,720,976 research outputs found
Eliciting an affective context uncovers the effects of emotions on gaze-mediated orienting of attention
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Gli effetti dell’orientamento esogeno dell’attenzione scompaiono in condizione di deprivazione di sonno
No full textIntroduzione: La deprivazione di sonno (DS) riduce il livello di arousal, peggiorando l’efficienza di molte funzioni cognitive, tra cui l’attenzione. L’obiettivo di questo studio è di valutare, per la prima volta, come gli effetti di facilitazione (F) e di inibizione di ritorno (IOR), conseguenti alla cattura automatica dell’attenzione, sono influenzati dalla DS. Se, infatti, tali effetti dipendono da processi bottom-up che sono resistenti alla DS, questi non dovrebbero variare riducendo il livello di arousal. Inoltre, è stato valutato se un incremento dell’arousal fasico, prodotto dall’introduzione di un warning acustico, può essere un metodo efficace per contrastare gli eventuali effetti della DS.
Metodo: 18 partecipanti sono stati sottoposti a una DS di 24 ore, durante le quali veniva loro somministrato un compito di orientamento alle 18.30 e alle 5.15 di notte. Il compito, della durata di 45 min circa, richiedeva di rispondere a un target preceduto da un suggerimento spaziale (cue) non informativo. Tre erano gli intervalli temporali (SOA) per manipolare la F (200 ms) e la IOR (800 e 1100 ms).
Risultati: Mentre nella sessione diurna è risultata significativa l’interazione SOA x Cue (F(2,34)= 26.68; p<.000001 e le analisi post-hoc delle medie hanno indicato una IOR significativa, nella sessione notturna è risultato significativo solo il Warning (F(1,17)= 10.43; p=.005). Conclusioni: La riduzione di arousal può compromettere anche quegli effetti attenzionali ritenuti automatici e adattivi, come l’inibizione di ritorno. Considerando molte tipologie di lavoratori che sono soggetti a cali di vigilanza (ad es., turnisti, lavoratori notturni), questo lavoro suggerisce l’importanza di trovare delle strategie per incrementare il livello di allerta (ad es., introducendo segnali d’allarme più frequenti) ed evitare così errori e/o incidenti dovuti alla compromissione dei processi automatici
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Inhibition of return, but not facilitation, disappears under sleep deprivation.
Full text linkIn this study, we assessed whether unspecific attention processes signaled by general reaction times (RTs), as well as specific facilitatory (validity or facilitation effect) and inhibitory (inhibition of return, IOR) effects involved in the attentional orienting network, are affected by low vigilance due to both circadian factors and sleep deprivation (SD). Eighteen male participants performed a cuing task in which peripheral cues were nonpredictive about the target location and the cue-target interval varied at three levels: 200 ms, 800 ms, and 1,100 ms.
Facilitation with the shortest and IOR with the longest cue-target intervals were observed in the baseline session, thus replicating previous related studies. Under SD condition, RTs were generally slower, indicating a reduction in the participants’ arousal level. The inclusion of a phasic alerting tone in several trials partially compensated for the reduction in tonic alertness, but not with the longest cue-target interval. With regard to orienting, whereas the facilitation effect due to reflexive shifts of attention was preserved with sleep loss, the IOR was not observed.
These results suggest that the decrease of vigilance produced by SD affects both the compensatory effects of phasic alerting and the endogenous component involved in disengaging attention from the cued location, a requisite for the IOR effect being observed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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