1,721,050 research outputs found
Configural and featural information in facial-composite images
Full text linkEyewitnesses are often invited to construct a facial composite, an image created of the person they saw commit a crime that is used by law enforcement to locate criminal suspects. In the current paper, the effectiveness of composite images was investigated from traditional feature systems (E-FIT and PRO-fit), where participants (face constructors) selected individual features to build the face, and a more recent holistic system (EvoFIT), where they ‘evolved' a composite by repeatedly selecting from arrays of complete faces. Further participants attempted to name these composites when seen as an unaltered image, or when blurred, rotated, linearly stretched or converted to a photographic negative. All of the manipulations tested reduced correct naming of the composites overall except (i) for a low level of blur, for which naming improved for holistic composites but reduced for feature composites, and (ii) for 100% linear stretch, for which a substantial naming advantage was observed. Results also indicated that both featural (facial elements) and configural (feature spacing) information was useful for recognition in both types of composite system, but highly-detailed information was more accurate in the feature-based than the holistic method. The naming advantage of linear stretch was replicated using a forensically more-practical procedure with observers viewing an unaltered ¬composite sideways. The work is valuable to police practitioners and designers of facial-composite systems
Can people apply the instructions? Accuracy and eye-tracking in identification lineup [Review]
No full textUniversity of Central Lancashir
Eyewitnesses and the use and application of cognitive theory
Full text linkWitnesses and victims may contain the only record of a crime and so their evidence can be invaluable to a criminal investigation. This chapter reviews the different types of evidence provided by these eyewitnesses. The initial focus is on their ability to describe details of a crime and those involved, plus interviewing techniques that attempt to maximise this information recall. Next, the procedures used for identifying offenders are examined. In the final part, face construction systems are discussed along with modern methods for improving their effectiveness
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Eyewitnesses and the use and application of cognitive theory
Full text linkEyewitnesses carry out a range of tasks to help the police bring a criminal to justice. They describe what happened during the crime and the people involved. Later, there may be reasonable grounds for the police to believe they know who is responsible for the offence and this person then becomes a suspect. The police may put the suspect into a line-up or identification parade and ask eyewitnesses to see if they recognise the person they saw. If the suspect is picked out, this outcome is taken as evidence that the police have arrested the correct person. The police may then spend time building a case to convict the suspect, or dismiss him or her as either there is a lack of evidence to convict or another person is responsible for the crime. Eyewitnesses also provide testimony in a court of law.
The police may use the description of an offender given by an eyewitness to try to locate this person using computer searches of previously convicted people. If a suspect cannot otherwise be identified, such as by using CCTV, DNA, fingerprints or other forensic evidence, eyewitnesses may construct a picture of the offender's face, an image called a facial composite. The police will usually circulate this image internally to police staff; if this does not identify the culprit, the image is often published on police websites, in newspapers, and on TV news and crime programmes in the hope that a member of the public will recognise the image and come forward with a name. Sometimes, the police try to establish identity by circulating a wanted poster; see Figure 12.1 for an example.
The focus of this chapter is on the various types of evidence from eyewitnesses. There have been many cases of wrongful conviction, as illustrated later by the conviction of Laszlo Virag, and these woeful outcomes must be minimised. The chapter is guided by the wealth of psychological research that has attempted to understand and improve the performance of human memory. It will be seen that eyewitness evidence, in conjunction with other evidence, is crucial for the identification and reliable conviction of offenders.
To summarise:
1. Eyewitnesses help the police bring an offender to justice.
2. Eyewitnesses give a description of crimes, take part in identification procedures, construct facial composites, and give testimony in a court of law.
3. The police may make a public appeal for information.
4. When there is good reason to believe that a person has committed an offence, he or she becomes a suspect in a criminal investigation
Frowd et al. Best Practice Forensic Procedures for Holistic Facial Composite Construction
No full textVariations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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