1,721,674 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Stress, Health and Senescence in a long-lived mammal, the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
No full textEn réponse à des fluctuations environnementales imprévisibles (i.e. stresseurs), les organismes ont développé une série de réponses physiologiques et comportementales, i.e. la réponse au stress, qui leur permettent de répondre aux exigences physiologiques accrues associées à ces fluctuations. La réponse au stress se traduit par l'activation de systèmes physiologiques, parmi lesquels le plus étudié est l'axe hypothalamo-pituitaire-surrénalien, qui entraîne une production accrue de glucocorticoïdes (GCs). Les GCs sont des hormones présentes à des niveaux basaux et dont le rôle principal est la mobilisation et la régulation de l'énergie. Ils agissent comme médiateurs de l'allostasie, le processus actif permettant l’établissement et la réalisation d’états homéostatiques fonction des exigences physiologiques. Suite à une exposition à un stresseur temporaire et de courte durée (i.e. stress aigu), l’augmentation des niveaux de GCs contribue à mettre à disposition des ressources énergétiques pour des fonctions favorisant la survie immédiate, ce qui est adaptatif, au détriment d'autres fonctions non immédiatement essentielles (comme la croissance ou la reproduction). En revanche, les individus exposés de manière répétée à des stresseurs ou exposés à des stresseurs de longue durée (i.e. jours-semaines) peuvent présenter des niveaux basaux de GCs élevés et entrer dans des états de stress chronique, au cours desquels les ressources sont détournées des fonctions physiologiques telles que la croissance, la reproduction ou l'immunité sur le long terme, avec des conséquences préjudiciables attendues sur les traits liés à l'histoire de vie et la valeur sélective. Mesurer les états de stress chronique dans la nature pose un problème complexe, et les associations entre les GCs et les traits liés à l'histoire de vie ou à la valeur sélectives sont équivoques, notamment en raison de l'influence des contextes liés à l'histoire de vie et de l'environnement sur de telles relations. Dans ce contexte, j'ai cherché à évaluer les relations entre une mesure intégrée des niveaux de GCs basaux et la performance et sénescence de différents traits liés à l'histoire de vie et à la valeur sélective, reflétant l'état de santé d'un individu (i.e. masse corporelle, condition physiologique, immunité), chez un mammifère sauvage longévif. Ce travail a été mené dans deux populations de chevreuils (Capreolus capreolus) présentant des conditions environnementales nettement contrastées, et qui ont été suivies longitudinalement au niveau individuel, avec des informations individuelles et environnementales disponibles. Ce travail a permis de montrer que les GCs étaient liés aux paramètres de santé à court terme (c'est-à-dire mesurés lors de la même prise d'échantillon), mais que les GCs n'avaient pas d’effets durables sur la sénescence de ces traits.The stress response – a suite of physiological and behavioural adjustments – allows organisms to support heightened energy requirements associated with unpredictable environmental challenges (i.e. stressors). The stress response involves the activation of different physiological systems, among which the most studied is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to the enhanced production of glucocorticoids (GCs). At baseline levels, the primary role of GCs is energy mobilisation and regulation. These hormones act as mediators of allostasis, the active process of reaching differential homeostatic states according to physiological demands. Following exposure to a short-term, temporary stressor (i.e. acute stress), increased GC levels favour energy allocation towards functions promoting immediate survival at the expense of other non-immediately essential functions (e.g. growth, reproduction), and is therefore adaptive. On the other hand, individuals repeatedly exposed to stressors, or exposed to stressors that last for longer (i.e. days-weeks) can have elevated baseline GC levels. They enter into states of chronic stress during which resources are deviated from physiological functions such as growth, reproduction or immunity on the long-term, with expected adverse consequences on fitness. Measuring states of chronic stress in the wild is challenging and associations between GCs and fitness-related traits are equivocal due to the influence of life-history and environmental contexts on such relationships. Throughout my Ph.D., I aimed at evaluating the relationships between baseline GC levels and fitness-related traits reflecting individual health (i.e. body mass, physiological condition, immunity), and their senescence patterns in a long-lived mammal. This work was conducted in two roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations experiencing markedly contrasted environmental conditions, and which have been longitudinally followed at the individual-based level. I evidenced that GCs related to health parameters on the short-term (i.e. when measured at the same sampling event), but that GCs did not have carry-over effects on the senescence of those traits. In a first chapter, I showed that GCs were negatively associated to body mass in adults, but not juveniles, of both populations and both sexes, supporting the idea that is is essential to take into account the life-history stage when evaluating relationships between GCs and life-history traits. I also found that the Neutrophil:Lymphocyte (N:L) ratio – another biomarker increasingly used as a proxy of the stress response – related negatively to body mass on the medium term (i.e. change in individual body mass between two consecutive years) during the late growth phase. This suggests that GCs and N:L ratios describe different components of the stress response and are not interchangeable. In a second part, I showed that GCs positively related to creatinine levels (i.e. a proxy of muscle mass and renal efficacy) on the short-term, suggesting an increased catabolic state in individuals with elevated GCs. I also found a sex-specific association between GCs and albumin, the main blood protein, suggesting that sex hormones can modulate GC-life-history trait relationships. In a third chapter, I found that GCs measured during early-life did not modulate patterns of immunosenescence but were only positively associated to the abundance of lung parasites in adults. In a last chapter, I discuss the relevance of the present work for the field of ecophysiology. I have investigated of the associations between GCs and various fitness-related traits at different temporal scales, using longitudinal data on a free-ranging mammal. This allowed to account for much of the sources of variations identified in the literature. I then explore and develop future research perspectives, both for the roe deer program, and for research in general
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Evaluation du risque de transmission de la peste porcine africaine entre les sangliers et les porcs domestiques
No full textLes animaux d’élevage et la faune sauvage partagent de nombreux agents pathogènes susceptibles d'être transmis à l'interface entre eux. Cependant, les interactions entre les animaux domestiques et sauvages sont diverses, en fonction de la gestion de l'hôte et de l'environnement, ce qui affecte la propagation des agents pathogènes. Parmi les agents pathogènes les plus susceptibles de se transmettre à l'interface, l’un des plus problématiques est la peste porcine africaine (PPA/ASF), une maladie contagieuse qui touche à la fois les porcs domestiques et les sangliers et qui constitue une grave menace pour l'industrie porcine mondiale. En l'absence de vaccin ou de traitement, la peste porcine africaine a entraîné des pertes économiques catastrophiques, en particulier en Europe et en Asie. Depuis 2007, la maladie s'est rapidement propagée, les derniers foyers ayant entraîné la mort de millions de porcs. Les sangliers jouent un rôle crucial dans la transmission de la peste porcine africaine, en servant de réservoir au virus. Des pays comme la France et l'Écosse, bien qu'encore indemnes de peste porcine africaine, sont confrontés à un risque accru en raison de leur proximité avec les pays touchés. De plus, les populations denses de sangliers pourraient faciliter la propagation du virus en France. Cette thèse se concentre sur le risque de transmission du virus de la peste porcine africaine (PPAV/ASFV) des populations de sangliers aux élevages de porcs en plein air, où les porcs sont plus susceptibles d'être exposés que les porcs en bâtiment. En développant un modèle quantitatif d'évaluation des risques, cette recherche vise à quantifier le risque de transmission du PPAV et à identifier les facteurs clés de l'interface sangliers-porcs domestiques dans les élevages de porcs en plein air. Dans la première partie, la thèse passe en revue les différents aspects du PPAV, y compris sa transmission et son épidémiologie. En outre, elle décrit l'élevage de porcs en plein air, les facteurs de risque potentiels responsables de la propagation du PPAV à l'interface entre la faune domestique et la faune sauvage, ainsi que les évaluations de risques antérieures liées à l'introduction et à la propagation du virus. La deuxième partie présente le modèle élaboré au cours du projet : à l'aide de la littérature, les voies de transmission potentielles ont été identifiées, et une évaluation quantitative des risques a été développée pour évaluer les principaux facteurs de risque de transmission du PPAV à l'interface entre la faune domestique et la faune sauvage. La troisième partie comprend un questionnaire qui a été administré à des éleveurs de porcs afin d'évaluer leur sensibilisation aux interactions avec les sangliers, et de décrire les pratiques de biosécurité dans les élevages de porcs en plein air dans le contexte écossais. Les résultats du questionnaire nous ont permis de documenter les hypothèses et les paramètres du modèle. La dernière partie discute les résultats et présente plusieurs perspectives. Ce travail contribue à la compréhension des risques liés à la PPA dans les élevages de porcs en plein air et fournit des indications sur la gestion du risque de transmission entre la faune sauvage et le bétail.Livestock and wildlife share many pathogens which have the potential to be transmitted at the interface between them. However, the interactions between domestic and wild animals are diverse, depending on host management and environment, which affects the spread of pathogens. Among the pathogens that can be transmitted at the interface, one of the most important is African Swine Fever (ASF), a contagious disease affecting both domestic pigs and wild boars, and posing a severe threat to the global swine industry. With no available vaccine or treatment, ASF has led to catastrophic economic losses, especially in Europe and Asia. Since 2007, the disease has spread rapidly, with recent outbreaks causing millions of pig deaths. Wild boars play a crucial role in ASF transmission, serving as a reservoir for the virus. Countries like France and Scotland, although still ASF-free, face increased risk due to its proximity to affected countries. Moreover, the dense wild boar populations could facilitate virus spread in France. This thesis focuses on the risk of ASF virus (ASFV) transmission from wild boar populations to outdoor pig farms, where pigs are more likely to be exposed than indoor herds. By developing a quantitative risk assessment model, this research aims to quantify the risk of ASFV transmission and identify key factors at the wild boar–domestic pig interface in outdoor pig farm settings. In the first part, the thesis provides a review of various aspects of ASFV, including its transmission and epidemiology. Further, it elaborates the outdoor pig farming, the potential risk factors responsible for ASFV spread at the domestic-wildlife interface and previous risk assessments related to ASFV introduction and spread. The second part presents the model elaborated during the project: using the literature, potential transmission routes were identified, and a quantitative risk assessment was developed to evaluate the key risk factors for ASF transmission at the pig-wild boar interface. The third part includes a questionnaire that was administered to pig farmers in order to assess their awareness of interactions between pigs and wild boar, and to describe biosecurity practices in outdoor pig farms, specifically within a Scottish context. The questionnaire results allowed us to document model assumptions and parameters. The last part discusses the results are presents several perspectives. This work contributes to the understanding of ASF risks in outdoor pig farming and provides insights into the management of transmission risk between wildlife and livestock
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