401 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Alice and Cliff Donahue
No full textPhotograph - Friends of Alice B. and William Clifford Donahue, Athabasca, Alberta. Seated, left to right: Cliff Donahue, Joe Mikkelsen, Beryl Mikkelsen, and Marge Logan. Standing, left to right: Don Logan, Alice B. Donahue, Aaron Jones, Lorene Jones, and Beatrice Par
Dietary yeast beta 1,3/1,6 glucan supplemented to adult Labrador Retrievers alters peripheral blood immune cell responses to vaccination challenge without affecting protective immunity
No full textYeast-derived 1,3/1,6 β-glucans may alter host immunity to produce robust and quickly resolved responses that align with companion animal health goals. In adult dogs, immunomodulation by yeast 1,3/1,6 β-glucans in extruded kibble diet have not been well documented. The study objective was to evaluate systemic immune responses in dogs fed kibble diets with two yeast 1,3/1,6 β-glucans doses before and after vaccine challenge. Twenty-four adult Labrador Retrievers were assigned to three dietary treatments consisting of a basal diet (control) supplemented with 0.012% or 0.023% (0.5 or 1×, respectively) yeast 1,3/1,6 β-glucan with equal sex representation within each treatment (8 dogs/diet). Animals were fed experimental diets for a 29-d acclimation period, after which baseline blood samples were collected before administration of a combination canine distemper virus, parvovirus, and adenovirus-2 vaccine. Blood samples were collected weekly for 21 d following vaccination with whole blood for CBC analysis, serum for titer and cytokine assays, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated for flow cytometric immune cell profiling. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure with diet and timepoint fixed effects. Serum titer was analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test (SAS 9.4; P ≤ 0.05). Prior to vaccination, β-glucan diets did not affect serum cytokines, antibody titer, or immune cell populations. In the first 7 d post-vaccination (dpv), PBMC CD21low B cells increased 36.5% to 58.1% in all groups but the magnitude of change was lesser in the 0.5× β-glucan diet resulting in 25.6% lower CD21low populations compared to control-fed dogs (P = 0.007). By 21 dpv, B-cell populations recovered to baseline levels in dogs fed 1× β-glucan, but CD21high cells remained elevated 50.5% in dogs fed 0.5× β-glucan diets compared with baseline (P < 0.0001). While no differences in serum titer or cytokines were observed, feeding both β-glucan diets maintained stable blood monocytes, whereas a 53.0% decrease between baseline and 14 dpv was observed in control-fed dogs (P = 0.01). Collectively, these outcomes suggest that a 1× dose of 1,3/1,6 yeast β-glucan in extruded kibble diets altered monocytes associated with trained immunity, did not reduce PBMC CD21low B-cell responsiveness, and simultaneously contributed to B-cell population resolution by 21 dpv in adult dogs. Additional research to assess the functionality of these changes is needed.This article is published as Krysten Fries-Craft, Logan R Kilburn-Kappeler, Charles G Aldrich, Elizabeth A Bobeck, Dietary yeast beta 1,3/1,6 glucan supplemented to adult Labrador Retrievers alters peripheral blood immune cell responses to vaccination challenge without affecting protective immunity, Journal of Animal Science, Volume 101, 2023, skad029, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad02
Author contributions to ecological publications: What does it mean to be an author in modern ecological research?
No full textAuthorship is a central element of scientific research carrying a variety of rewards and responsibilities, and while various guidelines exist, actual author contributions are often ambiguous. Inconsistent or limited contributions threaten to devalue authorship as intellectual currency and diminish authors' responsibility for published content. Researchers have assessed author contributions in the medical literature and other research fields, but similar data for the field of ecological research are lacking. Authorship practices in ecological research are broadly representative of a variety of fields due to the cross-disciplinary nature of collaborations in ecological studies. To better understand author contributions to current research, we distributed a survey regarding co-author contributions to a random selection of 996 lead authors of manuscripts published in ecological journals in 2010. We obtained useable responses from 45% of surveyed authors. Reported lead author contributions in ecological research studies consistently included conception of the project idea, data collection, analysis, and writing. Middle and last author contributions instead showed a high level of individual variability. Lead authorship in ecology is well defined while secondary authorship is more ambiguous. Nearly half (48%) of all studies included in our survey had some level of non-compliance with Ecological Society of America (ESA) authorship guidelines and the majority of studies (78%) contained at least one co-author that did not meet International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) requirements. Incidence of non-compliance varied with lead author occupation and author position. The probability of a study including an author that was non-compliant with ESA guidelines was lowest for professor-led studies and highest for graduate student and post doctoral researcher-led studies. Among studies with > two co-authors, all lead authors met ESA guidelines and only 2% failed to meet ICMJE requirements. Middle (24% ESA, 63% ICMJE) and last (37% ESA, 60% ICMJE) authors had higher rates of non-compliance. The probability of a study containing a co-author that did not meet ESA or ICMJE requirements increased significantly with the number of co-authors per study although even studies with only two co-authors had a high probability of non-compliance of approximately 60% (ICMJE) and 15 to 40% (ESA). Given the variable and often limited contributions of authors in our survey and past studies of other research disciplines, institutions, journals, and scientific societies need to implement new approaches to instill meaning in authorship status. A byline approach may not alter author contributions but would better define individual contributions and reduce existing ambiguity regarding the meaning of authorship in modern ecological research
Design and analysis of low-cost x-ray imaging system incorporating consumer camera imaging
No full textThesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 52-54).X-ray imaging is a core component of our modern medical diagnosis arsenal in combatting a broad range of disease. X-ray imaging allows medical professionals to see the internal structure and layout of the human body, and in this way allows for the visualization of unseen ailments. A current "disease of poverty" which is the target of this study is tuberculosis, a lung bacteria which is visible on x-ray imaging. X-ray imaging is a well known and used technology, yet x-ray imaging remains very expensive and unwieldy for use in less-developed regions of the world. Within the last three to four decades, the world has seen a massive explosion in consumer camera technology development, largely driven by circuit miniaturization, and this has led to cheaper and higher resolution cameras being produced. X-ray images themselves rely on a material to turn x-rays, the photons which pass through the person in medical imaging, into electrical signals which can be read by a computer. This collection of x-ray photons can be done through the coupling of a scintillating screen and a camera which images the scintillating screen to create an x-ray image. This study explores this particular method of x-ray imaging which is likely to be cheaper than existing methods of x-ray imaging, yet also likely yields images of poorer resolution and contrast distinction in x-ray images. The theoretical components necessary to setup such a system in the most efficient manner possible were analyzed, taking into consideration safety and finance constraints. The imaging capabilities of a Nikon D810 (f/1.4, 50 mm lens) and iPhone 5S (f/2.2 lens), higher and lower quality cameras respectively, were analyzed using three scintillating screens, the MCI Optonix DRZ High, Scintacor DRZ Medium, and Scintacor DRZ Ultrafine screens, to capture the x-rays produced from a 14 mA 100 kV x-ray tube. It was found that the Nikon D810 coupled with the MCI Optonix DRZ High Screen produced results similar in performance to current medical imaging, and the iPhone 5S images were too noisy to be conclusive. Further work should go into developing a more finalized and standalone product that can be tested in clinically important settings, as this study does provide the proof-of-concept framework for this to be possible.by Logan B. Abel.S.B
Ultrasonic vocalization analysis as a novel metric to assess cage enrichment in rats
No full textLaboratory rodent housing conditions vary significantly across laboratories and facilities. Variation in housing can be
associated with animal stress leading to study variability and the subsequent inability to replicate experimental findings.
Optimization and standardization of animal housing are necessary to promote animal welfare and data consistency, thereby
reducing the number of animals necessary to detect treatment effects. While interest in environmental enrichment is increasing, many studies do not examine the behavior of animals in the home cage, neglecting important aspects of enrichment. To
determine how increased vertical home cage area affects animal welfare, double-decker cages (enriched), which allow rats
to upright stand, were compared with standard single-level cages, which impede the ability to upright stand. Home cage
welfare was assessed by analyzing ultrasonic vocalizations, fecal corticosterone, upright standing, and fighting. Ultrasonic
vocalization was further explored by analyses of call type as defined by a 14 call-type schematic. Rats housed in enriched
cages spent more time fighting, produced fewer 50 kHz calls, and had higher levels of fecal corticosterone. Rats in standard
cages attempted to upright stand more often but remained upright for a shorter amount of time due to the height limitation
imposed by standard cages. In addition, standard cages restrict some naturalistic behaviors such as upright standing and
reduce fighting, which may be attributable to their single-tier organization and floor space. Enriched cages permit rats to
engage in normal ethological behavior but also increase fighting. This study demonstrates that housing conditions have a
meaningful impact on multiple measures of animal affect. When considering study design, researchers should be aware of
how housing conditions affect animal subjects
Supplementary Material for "Data-Driven Revision of Conditional Norms in Multi-Agent Systems"
No full textThis release contains all supplementary material (code and experimental results) for the manuscript "Data-Driven Revision of Conditional Norms in Multi-Agent Systems". Dell'Anna, D.; Alechina, N.; Dalpiaz, F.; Dastani, M.; and Logan, B. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research.
THIS SOURCE CODE IS SUPPLIED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, AND ITS AUTHOR AND THE JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH (JAIR) AND JAIR'S PUBLISHERS AND DISTRIBUTORS, DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ANY WARRANTIES OR NON INFRINGEMENT. THE USER ASSUMES ALL LIABILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR USE OF THIS SOURCE CODE, AND NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR JAIR, NOR JAIR'S PUBLISHERS AND DISTRIBUTORS, WILL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES OF ANY KIND RESULTING FROM ITS USE. Without limiting
the generality of the foregoing, neither the author, nor JAIR, nor JAIR's publishers and distributors, warrant that the Source Code will be error-free, will operate without interruption, or will meet the needs of the user
Letter from John McDonald to James B. Finley
No full textFive counties -- Franklin, Pickaway, Ross, Pike and Scioto -- have formed a literary society named the Logan Historical Society. One of the objects of the Society is to erect a monument in memory of the Mingo Chief Logan, and secondly to collect material for a history of the early pioneers. McDonald has been selected by the Society as editor of the book which will be written. McDonald marvels that he has become an author at 60 years of age, stating that a special providence sent Finley to him. He would never have become an author without the encouragement of Finley. Rev. David Reed continues to have a good ministry among the people. Finally, McDonald is critical of the Ladies Repository because the articles are rather grave and philosophical for such a title. Abstract Number - 572https://digitalcommons.owu.edu/finley-letters/1868/thumbnail.jp
The regulation of yeast homotypic vacuole fusion and membrane trafficking events by sphingolipids, ergosterol, and lipid rafts
No full textMembrane fusion is a conserved process that facilitates essential events like endocytosis, secretion, cell division and autophagy. Membrane fusion occurs at all organelles, and many of the fundamental processes required for fusion have been extensively studied. This process requires a minimal set of proteins and lipids in fully reconstituted systems, but in vivo fusion is a highly regulated process, with inputs from multiple signaling pathways. In live cells, membrane fusion requires the activity of SNAREs, small GTPases, chaperones, tethering complexes, and specific regulatory lipids. This process occurs in four experimentally defined steps: priming, tethering, docking, and fusion. Work with baker’s yeast identified interdependence between a set of pro-fusion proteins and regulatory lipids at the vacuole, wherein both interacting partners are required for proper localization to specific membrane domains. Regulatory lipids and select fusion proteins enrich in the vertex ring domain of vacuoles that are in the process of tethering and docking together, which can be visualized with microscopic techniques. While there has been significant progress made in the studies of glycerophospholipids as regulatory lipids, there are few such studies focused on sphingolipids. In the work below, we present initial studies that show that sphingolipids specifically regulate the tethering and docking steps of homotypic vacuole fusion, they are necessary for proper AP-3 trafficking, and they influence cell division processes.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysosome-like vacuole is a useful model for studying membrane fusion events and organelle maturation processes utilized by all eukaryotes. The vacuolar membrane is capable of forming micrometer and nanometer scale domains that can be visualized using microscopic techniques and segregate into regions with surprisingly distinct lipid and protein compositions. These lipid raft domains are liquid-ordered (Lo) like regions that are rich in sphingolipids, phospholipids with saturated acyl chains, and ergosterol. Recent studies have shown that these lipid rafts contain an enrichment of many different proteins that function in essential activities such as nutrient transport, organelle contact, membrane trafficking, and homotypic fusion, suggesting that they are biologically relevant regions within the vacuole membrane. Here, we discuss recent developments and the current understanding of sphingolipid and ergosterol function at the vacuole, the composition and function of lipid rafts at this organelle and how the distinct lipid and protein composition of these regions facilitates the biological processes outlined above.
Sphingolipids are essential factors in membrane trafficking and eukaryotic cellular homeostasis. This is exemplified by numerous mammalian lysosomal disorders that are linked to defects in complex sphingolipid metabolic pathways. Here, we present evidence that sphingolipids containing very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) function as positive regulators of homotypic vacuolar fusion. Yeast lacking the C26 VLCFA elongase Elo3p produce irregular vacuoles that are unable to fuse at wild type levels. We found that elo3Δ yeast mislocalize a number of fusion regulators including the Rab Ypt7p, which is depleted from the vertex domains of docked vacuoles where fusion occurs. In addition, we show that SNARE complex formation was attenuated on elo3Δ vacuoles. While protein localization was strongly affected in the absence of Elo3p, the vertex localization of other lipids, including ergosterol, was only moderately affected. Yet, we found that the fluidity of elo3Δ vacuoles was significantly increased. Together these data suggest that C26 VLCFA sphingolipids act as regulators of homotypic vacuolar fusion, likely by assembling membrane microdomains that promote the enrichment of protein machinery required tethering and docking.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2022-12-01The student, Logan Hurst, accepted the attached license on 2020-08-24 at 14:00.The student, Logan Hurst, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2020-08-24 at 14:11.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2020-08-27 at 11:06.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #15779 on 2021-03-04 at 16:30:00Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-05T21:45:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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