170,628 research outputs found
Chiloglanis kazumbei Friel & Vigliotta, 2011, sp. nov.
No full textChiloglanis kazumbei sp. nov. (Figs. 1 B & 4; Table 2) Chiloglanis aff. lukugae — De Vos et al. 2001: 131. Chiloglanis sp. “burundi” — Vigliotta 2008: 125. Holotype. CU 95230, male ALC, 49.1 mm SL; Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Malagarasi River at rapids ~ 6.4 km upriver from Ilagala barge crossing, 5.2013400° S, 29.9001400° E; J.P. Friel, P.B. McIntyre & R.C. Schelly, 14 August 2009. Paratypes. AMNH 251410, 20 ALC, 26.0– 54.1 mm SL; same collection data as holotype. — CU 95231, 19 ALC, 1 C&S, 25.5-54.5 mm SL; same collection data as holotype. — MRAC 2010 -006- P- 6 -10, 5 ALC., 27.1–56.8 mm SL, same collection data as holotype. — SAIAB 87164, 5 ALC, 30.6–51.9 mm SL, same collection data as holotype. Non-type specimens. AMNH 251409, 8 ALC, 26.3 –35.0 mm SL; Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Malagarasi River down river 4 km W from Uvinza, near village of Nkwasa, 5.0979300° S, 30.3544900° E; J.P. Friel, P.B. McIntyre & R.C. Schelly, 11 August 2009. — CU 90387, 10 ALC, 1 C&S, 38–63 mm SL; Burundi, Ruyigi, River Rugoma at point south of route from Kinyinya to Rumpungwe; L. De Vos, L. & L. Taverne, 2 June 1992. — CU 90402, 1 ALC, 56.0 mm SL; Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Malagarasi River, 5.2010000° S, 29.9020000° E; J.P. Friel & G. Kazumbe, 9 September 2004. — CU 90405, 1 ALC, 35 mm SL; Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Luiche River near Ujiji, 4.9328000° S, 29.7057000° E; J.P. Friel, G. Kazumbe & S. Loader, 14 September 2004. — CU 90420, 1 ALC, 47 mm SL; Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Malagarasi River, upriver from bridge at Malagarasi City, 5.0885000° S, 30.8473000° E; J.P. Friel, G. Kazumbe & E. Michel, 24 September 2004. — CU 90565, 4 ALC, 34.6–38.7 mm SL; Tanzania, Tabora, Igombe River Forest Preserve, 4.5190000° S, 31.9068000° E; J.P. Friel & S. Loader, 29 September 2004. — CU 90566, 4 ALC, 38.2–44.6 mm SL; Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Luiche River at bridge, 4.8682000° S, 29.7403000° E; J.P. Friel, G. Kazumbe & S. Loader, 14 September 2004. — CU 90570, 5 ALC, 44.6-50.3; Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Ruchugi River at bridge in Uvinza, 5.0963000° S, 30.3863000° E; J.P. Friel, G. Kazumbe & S. Loader, 19 September 2004. — CU 90571, 1 ALC, 41.4 mm SL; same collection data as CU 90420. — CU 90573, 9 ALC, 26.7–43.9 mm SL; same collection data as CU 90405. — CU 90574, 7 ALC, 28.6– 61.3 mm SL; same collection data as CU 90420. — CU 90754, 1 ALC, 40.9 mm SL; Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Malagarasi River at Uvinza, small side channel, 5.1110000° S, 30.3932000° E; J.P. Friel, G. Kazumbe & S. Loader, 18 September 2004. — CU 95228, 1 ALC, 45.1 mm SL; Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Malagarasi River at rapids ~ 8 km down river of Igamba Falls, 5.1799300° S, 29.9803500° E; J.P. Friel, P.B. McIntyre & R.C. Schelly, 7 August 2009. — CU 95229, 7 ALC, 23.9–38.4 mm SL; same collection data as AMNH 251409. — MRAC 91 -03- P- 0464- 0 502, 36 ALC, 32.2–62.9 mm SL, Burundi, Ntanga River, Malagarasi affluent, at bridge on General Interest Route 4 at 7 km from Kinyinya, De Vos and Taverne, 0 5 April 1991. — MRAC 93-152 - P- 0260-0299, 39 ALC, 34.2–65.9 mm SL, Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Mungonya River, affluent of Luiche, route from Kigoma Region to Kasulu, ~ 10 km, 4.883333 ° S, 29.716667 ° E, L. De Vos, 19 August 1993. — MRAC 93-152 - P- 0361-0366, 6 ALC, 35.9– 71.1 mm SL, Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Kaseke River, Luiche affluent, km 17 on route from Kigoma Region to Kasulu, 4.883333 ° S, 29.8 ° E, L. De Vos, 19 August 1993. Diagnosis. Chiloglanis kazumbei can be distinguished from all species in the Malagarasi and Luiche basins by the following combination of features: relatively long dorsal spine length (16.1–21.3 % SL vs. 7.5–13.6 % SL in C. asymetricaudalis; 8.2–12.7 % SL in C. igamba; 4.1–7.8 % SL in C. orthodontus); relatively long pectoral spine length (19.1–23.6 % SL vs. 12.1–16.5 % SL in C. asymetricaudalis; 9.9–15.1 % SL in C. igamba; 10.9–17.2 % SL in C. orthodontus); relatively wide occipital shield width (6.1–8.3 % SL vs. 3.7–4.7 % SL in C. asymetricaudalis; 2.8–4.9 % SL in C. igamba; 2.4–3.8 % SL in C. orthodontus); and moderately long adipose fin length (17.1–22.8 % SL vs. 13.3-19.8 % SL in C. asymetricaudalis; 10.3–16.3 % SL in C. igamba; 25.0- 31.3 % SL in C. orthodontus). Additional features that distinguish C. kazumbei from congeners within its range include a distinctive pigmentation pattern with dark patches on the dorsal and pectoral fins, a dark band on the anal fin, and a caudal fin that is deeply forked with a slightly longer lower lobe vs. not deeply forked (C. lufirae, C. igamba (Fig. 3) & C. orthodontus (Fig. 5), or forked with greatly elongated upper lobe in males (C. asymetricaudalis (Fig. 6)). Description. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views in Figure 4 illustrate body shape, form and position of fins and barbels. Morphometric and meristic data for holotype and 19 paratypes are summarized in Table 2. MORPHOMETRICS Holotype Range Mean±%SD Lower caudal-fin lobe length 23.8 22.3–28.4 24.9 ± 1.93 Upper caudal-fin lobe length 22.2 20.1–25.2 22.5 ± 1.62 Caudal-peduncle depth (maximum) 11.2 9.2–11.4 10.7 ± 0.57 Caudal-peduncle length 17.9 15.9–21.6 17.5 ± 1.21 MERISTICS Mandibular tooth rows 1 or 2 * Mandibular tooth count (total) 12–24; 17 * Mandibular tooth count (functional anterior row) 7–14; 9 * Mandibular tooth count (posterior replacement row) 3–12; 8 * Primary premaxillary teeth (total) 47–85; 68 * Secondary premaxillary teeth (total) 30–40 Tertiary premaxillary teeth (total) 16 Pectoral–fin count I, 7 (1); I, 8 *(19) Pelvic–fin count i, 6 *(20) Dorsal–fin count II, 5 (3); II, 6 *(17) Anal–fin count iii, 7 (13); iii, 8 *(7) Caudal–fin count i, 7, 8, i*(20) Pleural rib count (pairs) 7 (2); 8 *(18) Total vertebral count 34 (4); 35 *(16) Moderately sized Chiloglanis species, maximum standard length <70 mm. Body roughly cylindrical, depressed anteriorly and compressed posteriorly. Predorsal profile gently convex; postdorsal body sloping gently ventrally. Preanal profile horizontal. Anus and urogenital opening located slightly behind vertical though origin of adipose fin. Skin covered with rounded unculiferous tubercles. Lateral line complete and midlateral along side of body. Head depressed and broad, snout margin rounded when viewed dorsally. Gill opening restricted to lateral aspect of head from level of base of pectoral spine to level of middle of eye. Gill membranes broadly united to, and attached across isthmus, supported by 6 or 7 branchiostegal rays. Skin covering skull roof with numerous small, round unculiferous tubercles. Occipital-nuchal shield large, slightly visible through skin dorsally. Mouth inferior, lips form ventrally-directed oral disc. Oral disc moderate in size, wider than long and covered by numerous papillae. Posterior margin of oral disc with well-developed cleft present at midline. Barbels in three pairs and well developed. Maxillary barbel slender and unbranched, originating just anterior to widest point of oral disc and extending to middle of eye. Short basal membrane present on maxillary barbel. Mandibular barbels incorporated into lower lip and visible as trifurcate structures in cleared and stained specimens. Medial mandibular barbels on each side of midline; primary barbel elongate and bordered by short auxiliary barbel on each side. Lateral mandibular barbels just lateral to medial mandibular barbels, somewhat more pronounced than medial mandibular barbels; primary barbel elongate and bordered medially by single short auxiliary barbel. Premaxillae formed as block-like plates supporting 47–85 “S”-shaped (in lateral view), pointed primary teeth on ventral surface; 30-40 small secondary teeth on posterior surface of premaxillae; 16 needle-like tertiary teeth inserting above and behind secondary teeth towards roof of mouth and gathered at midline. Dentary with wellformed tooth cup along anterior margin supporting one or two rows of 3–14 robust, “S”-shaped (in lateral view) teeth per row with pointed tips; when present, posterior row represents replacement teeth. Mandibular teeth bunched at midline (Fig. 1 B). Eyes small and ovoid, horizontal axis slightly longer than vertical axis; approximately one half of orbital interspace. Orbit without free margin. Anterior nares slightly further apart than posterior nares. Anterior nares tubular with short, raised rim. Posterior nares with elevated flaps along anterior margin. Dorsal fin located at anterior third of body. Dorsal fin with spinelet, spine and 5 or 6 rays; fin membrane not adnate with body. Dorsal-fin spine long and straight; relatively smooth along anterior margin, but posterior margin with weakly developed serrations only visible in cleared and stained specimens. Adipose fin moderate in size, base less than one quarter of SL; margin gently convex and incised posteriorly. Caudal fin forked; count i, 7, 8, i. Procurrent caudal-fin rays symmetrical and extending only slightly anterior to fin base. Anal-fin base located ventral to adipose-fin base; margin convex. Anal-fin count iii, 7 or 8. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical between bases of adipose and dorsal fins. Pelvic-fin margins convex, tip of appressed fin just short of anal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin count i, 6. Pectoral fin with slightly curved, stout spine; anterior margin smooth, but posterior margin with weakly developed serrations only visible in cleared and stained specimens. Pectoral fin count I, 7 or 8. Cleithral processes moderate in length and pointed, but largely buried in skin. Axillary pore present along ventral margin of cleithral process; often depigmented relative to surrounding skin surface. No obvious sexual dimorphism in body ornamentation or skin tuberculation. The head and body of males and females of all sizes are covered with numerous unculiferous tubercles (Fig. 4). Adult males with slightly larger anal fins (up to 19.8 % SL vs. up to 15.5 % SL in females). Coloration. In 70 % ethanol: The general pigmentation of this species is shown in Figure 4. In dorsal view, specimens appear dark brown, with two lighter bands on posterior half of body. First band lies midway between dorsal and adipose fins. Second band lies at posterior end of adipose fin. Head is uniformly dark brown. In lateral view, specimens appear dark brown with varying numbers of small irregular light patches. Ventral surface cream colored and peppered with dark melanophores from oral disc to caudal fin. Oral disc, all barbels, anus and urogenital opening cream colored. Some specimens with midline cluster of melanophores just anterior to premaxillae. Dorsal and pectoral spines and rays light brown; base of dorsal and pectoral-fin rays generally darker; fin membranes translucent with dark patch, broadest at spine and tapering towards inner rays. Pelvic and anal fins translucent. Anal fin bisected by dark band running across fin rays. Adipose fin translucent with dark base. Each lobe of caudal fin with dark crescent-shaped patch ventral patch continuous with very dark pigment at base of fin rays. Etymology. This species is eponymously named for Mr. George Kazumbe, an expert fisherman and friend from Kigoma, Tanzania. He has assisted the authors and several of our colleagues doing fieldwork in Tanzania, and we wish to honor him for his service. Distribution. This species is known from both the lower Malagarasi River and adjacent Luiche River (Fig. 2), and is typically found in small to moderate sized rapids.Published as part of Friel, John P. & Vigliotta, Thomas R., 2011, Three new species of African suckermouth catfishes, genus Chiloglanis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae), from the lower Malagarasi and Luiche rivers of western Tanzania, pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 3063 on pages 9-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20219
The challenge of translating Brian Friel's translations
No full textIntroduction: «Translations is a modern classic» (Daily Telegraph).
«[...] The most deeply involved with Ireland but also the most universal: haunting and hard, lyrical and erudite, bitter and forgiving, both praise and lament» (Sunday Times).
In our essay we introduce Brian Friel’s Translations starting from some historical data and we move on to an analysis of the major themes presented in the play.
Because translation holds a special place among them, we pay specific attention to the concept of translation, as Friel sees it: as metaphor of ‘Irishness’.
Later on, we unfold our strategy in translating an extract of this work, explaining in as much detail as possible why we adopt the basic principle of Skopos theory.
Firstly, we present the unusual nature of the play, which ‘plays’ with Irish and English on stage.
Secondly, we describe our purpose, which is to maintain the original setting, in the sense that we do not ‘acculturate’ it. We feel that it is important to keep English as the theme of the play, changing of course the medium, since we translate it using the Italian and the Greek language.
Finally, we incorporate our individual translations with some commentary
Brian Friel and the Irish Art of Lying
No full textChapter in Brian Friel: A Casebook.https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/facbooks/1419/thumbnail.jp
sj-pdf-1-smm-10.1177_09622802231184634 - Supplemental material for Wilcoxon rank-sum tests to detect one-sided mixture alternatives in group sequential clinical trials
No full textSupplemental material, sj-pdf-1-smm-10.1177_09622802231184634 for Wilcoxon rank-sum tests to detect one-sided mixture alternatives in group sequential clinical trials by Dylan C Friel and Daniel R Jeske in Statistical Methods in Medical Research</p
sj-R-2-smm-10.1177_09622802231184634 - Supplemental material for Wilcoxon rank-sum tests to detect one-sided mixture alternatives in group sequential clinical trials
No full textSupplemental material, sj-R-2-smm-10.1177_09622802231184634 for Wilcoxon rank-sum tests to detect one-sided mixture alternatives in group sequential clinical trials by Dylan C Friel and Daniel R Jeske in Statistical Methods in Medical Research</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Amaralia oviraptor Friel & Carvalho, 2016, new species
No full textAmaralia oviraptor, new species (Figs. 1, 2, 3 a, 4, 5, 6, 7a; Table 1) Amaralia hypsiura non (Kner, 1855). Castelo et al., 1978: 131 [illustrated and briefly described]. Britski et al., 1999: 111 [illustrated and briefly described]. Chernoff & Willink, 2000: 86 [listed]. Liotta et al., 2001: 4 [illustrated and briefly described]. Ferriz & Gómez, 2002: 1 [briefly described].]. Friel, 2003: 261 [referred as undescribed]. Veríssimo et al., 2005: 5 [listed]. Langeani et al., 2007: 13 [referred as undescribed]. Britski et al., 2007: 137 [illustrated and briefly described]. Polaz et al., 2014: 127 [listed]. Amaralia hypsiurus non (Kner, 1855). López et al., 2003: 63 [listed]. Amaralia sp. da Graça and Pavanelli, 2007: 109 [illustrated and briefly described]. Almirón et al., 2008: 139 [illustrated and briefly described]. Arias et al., 2013: 14 [listed]. Bunocephalus hypsiurus non Kner, 1855. Mees, 1988: 91 [listed in part]. Holotype. MZUSP 4423, 68 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Santo Antônio do Leverger municipality, rio Cuiabá, 15 ° 52 'S 56 °05'W, 1965, G. Olson. Paratypes. ANSP 197190, 3 (1 c&s), 104–119 mm SL, Paraguay, Cordillera, Río Piribebuy near confluence with Río Paraguay ca. 4 mi northwest of Emboscada, 25 °04'09''S 57 ° 23 '03''W, Feb 2014, Agustin Villanucci. LBP 12968, 1, 107 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Poconé municipality, rio Cuiabá at Parque Nacional do Pantanal Matogrossense, 17 ° 49 ' 51 ''S 57 ° 23 ' 42 ''W, 25 Oct 2010, R. Britzke, L. R. Gaspar & B. F. Melo. MNRJ 20329, 1, 31.4 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Pedra Preta municipality, rio Jurigue on highway BR- 364 near Pedra Preta, tributary to rio Vermelho, 16 ° 37 ' 26 ''S 54 ° 26 ' 22 ''W, 13 Feb 2000, Melo, P. A. Buckup & Melo. MNRJ 27700, 103 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Porto Esperidião municipality, baía do Campo at fazenda Pantanalzinho, 15 ° 51 'S 58 ° 27 'W, 27 Nov 1984, D. F. Moraes Jr. and G. W. A. Nunan. MZUSP 36383, 1, 100.7 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumbá municipality, 19 °00'S 57 ° 39 'W, Feb 1985, E. K. Bastos. MZUSP 41099, 1, 35.3 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumbá municipality, rio Miranda, dead arm downstream Passo do Lontra, 20 ° 14 'S 56 ° 22 'W, 13 Sep 1989, E. K. de Resende. MZUSP 49024, 2, 66–88 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumbá municipality, rio Miranda at Base de Estudos do Pantanal, 20 ° 14 'S 56 ° 22 'W, 25 Jan 1992, O. Froehlich. MZUSP 59635, 1, 32 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Negro municipality, rio do Peixe on highway MS-080, 19 ° 23 ' 25 ''S 54 ° 59 ' 19 ''W, 26 Aug 1998, N. Menezes & B. Chernoff. NRM 15916, 1, 82.7 mm SL, Paraguay, Amambay, Arroyo Aquidaban-Nigui at monument site and slightly upstream in Parque Nacional Cerro Corá, 22 ° 38 'S 56 °01'W, 25 Jan 1992, S. O. Kullander et al. NRM 15917, 1, 59.5 mm SL, Paraguay, San Pedro, Río Aguaray-Guazú at Lima, 23 Jan 1992, S. O. Kullander et al. NRM 33073, 2, 58.8–119 mm SL, Paraguay, Misiones, Villa Florida, Río Tebicuary at Centu-Cué, 26 ° 24 ' 42 ''S 57 °02' 38 ''W, 4 Dec 1995, S. O. Kullander et al. UMMZ 206795, 1, 46.8 mm SL, Paraguay, Amambay, Río Apa ca. 0.5 km upstream of bridge between Brazil and Paraguay at Bella Vista, 22 °06'S 56 ° 31 'W, 27 Jul 1979, J. N. Taylor, T. Grimshaw, R. Myers et al. UMMZ 207818, 3 (1 cs), 84.3–118 mm SL, Paraguay, Concepción, Río Aquidaban at Paso Horqueta ca. 24 km NNW of Loreto, 23 °03'S 57 ° 23 'W, 5 Sep 1979, J. N. Taylor, G. Smith, B. Smith, E. Koon, and R. Myers. UMMZ 216543, 1, 66.5 mm SL, Paraguay, Central, Río Paraguay at Playa Carrasco-Guaradero ca. 5 km N of port of Asunción, 25 ° 15 'S 57 ° 37 'W, 24 Aug 1980, L. Naylor & O. Romero. Sequences. Genseq- 2 COI: We published sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI; Hebert et al., 2003) of 2 paratypes of Amaralia oviraptor, for which tissue samples fixed in 96 % alcohol were available. These sequences correspond to genseq- 2 COI following the nomenclature of Chakrabarty et al. (2013). GenBank accession numbers for these specimens are: KT 820070 and KT 820071 for LBP 12968 and ANSP 197190, respectively. In addition, we sequenced the same mitochondrial gene for two specimens of Amaralia hypsiura from the Xingu River drainage (KT 820068 for ANSP 197607 and KT 820069 for INPA 47820). Diagnosis. Amaralia oviraptor is distinguished from its only congener, Amaralia hypsiura, by the higher number of dorsal-fin rays (3 vs. 2; Fig. 3); by the presence of a lateral contact between middle and posterior nuchal plates (vs. middle and posterior nuchal plates not contacting each other laterally, Fig. 3); by the presence of feeble serrations along the distal portion of the anterior margin of pectoral-fin spine (Fig. 7 A vs. absence of serrations along the anterior margin; Fig. 7 B); and by a longer cleithral process (17.4–19.5 % of SL, mean 18.2 % vs. 14.0– 17.2 % of SL, mean= 15.5 %). Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 1. Maximum body size moderate to large compared to other aspredinids (maximum observed size 1228 mm SL). Dorsal, left lateral and ventral views of holotype shown in Figure 1. Anterodorsal view of a live paratype specimen shown in Figure 2. Head and anterior body depressed, lateral profile ascending from tip of snout to vertical with pelvic-fin origin, with convex bony prominences in between. Posterodorsal profile of body ascending at vertical with pelvic-fin origin and somewhat straight after this point to base of caudal fin, but bearing convex knobs on dorsal portions of neural spines. Ventral body profile convex from mouth to branchial aperture, almost straight from this point to base of caudal fin, but bearing convex bony knobs on ventral portion of caudal peduncle. Convex from pectoral girdle to anus in specimens with filled and dilated stomachs. Caudal peduncle deep, and compressed laterally. Skull ornamentation strongly developed, pronounced bony knobs on anterolateral portion of mesethmoid, antorbital, frontal posterior to eye, lateral portion of sphenotic, anterocentral portion of pterotic and posterior tip of supraoccipital. Eye small and positioned dorsolaterally. Skin covering eye dense and pale. Anterior nostril located terminally at tip of snout, associated with fleshy tube projecting beyond upper lip. Posterior nostril without flap, opening anteriorly and near eye. Mouth subterminal, upper lip more prominent than lower lip. All barbels simple, unbranched; maxillary barbel just reaching branchial aperture; posterolateral mental barbel about twice as long as anteromedial mental barbel. Opercular opening reduced to small valvular slit located ventrally, anteromedially positioned to pectoral-spine insertion. Axial slit pore present, dorsoventrally inclined underneath posterior cleithral process. Adult males with digitiform testes. Integument covered with large unculiferous tubercles scattered throughout head and body, larger on dorsal and lateral portions. Tubercles forming series of larger and horizontally aligned rows on posterior portion of body with three well-defined rows on lateral of body, one at lateral line others just above and below. Anterior margin of mesethmoid somewhat rounded, not anterolaterally projected, its dorsal surface strongly concave (Fig. 4). Contact between posterior margin of mesethmoid and frontal straight, not elevated. Ethmoid cartilage separate from articular facet of palatine. Frontal with anterolateral and posterolateral projections forming margin of orbit. Posterior projections of frontal absent, frontal contacting just sphenotic posteriorly and not supraoccipital. Frontal epiphyseal bar present, separating anterior and posterior cranial fontanels. Supratemporal fossa at contact between pterotic and supraoccipital bones. Pterotic with laterally expanded bony shelf, lateralmost portion rounded followed posteriorly by pronounced concavity. Premaxilla somewhat rectangular in shape, with teeth attached throughout most of its ventral surface. Dentary robust, deepest at coronoid process, tapering anteromedially (Fig. 5), abutting counterpart at medial portion. Dentary teeth arranged mostly in one row on its dorsal margin, up to three rows towards symphysis. Ascending process of Meckel’s cartilage hook-shaped, not contacting main portion of this cartilage. Coronomeckelian bone present. Hyomandibula associated with preopercle and posterior portion of preopercular-mandibular laterosensory canal, supraopercle absent. Cartilaginous articulation or joint of hyomandibula with neurocranium restricted to sphenotic bone. Anterodorsal process of hyomandibula developed, contacting ventral surface of sphenotic. Opercular condyle of hyomandibula well developed, directed posteroventrally. Metapterygoid present, contacting quadrate ventrally and variably contacting hyomadibula posteriorly. Endopterygoid present, somewhat rectangular in shape, located ventrally posterior to contact of palatine and lateral ethmoid. Posterior margin of autopalatine rounded in shape, presenting cartilage. Opercle “L” shaped, posterior arm longer than ventral arm. Interopercle present, somewhat triangular in shape and firmly attached to ventral arm of opercle. Dorsal hypohyal absent. Anterior ceratohyal with expanded blade on anteroventral margin, contacting posterior ceratohyal by means of cartilage within an interdigitated suture. Four branchiostegal rays. Urohyal with well developed lateral wings, without a medial foramen. First and second pharyngobranchials absent, third and fourth present and ossified. First hypobranchial ossified, second and third cartilaginous. Second and third basibranchial ossified, third cartilaginous. Third epibranchial bearing uncinate process. Gill rakers present on all ceratobranchials. Pharyngeal teeth well developed on upper tooth plate; a single row of teeth on medial margin of fifth ceratobranchial. Dorsal lamina of Weberian apparatus reaching dorsal surface of body, lateral profile of lamina with concavity at about one third of its length. Enclosed aortic canal on the ventral surface of Weberian apparatus. Parapophysis of fourth vertebra forming broad lamina, contacting parapophysis of fifth vertebrae. Parapophysis of fifth vertebra long, extending to lateral body surface transverse to main body axis. Distal portion of fifth parapophysis not expanded. Vertebrae with horizontal transverse processes from centrum seven to 21–22 [19 (1); 21 (2); 22 *(2)]. Vertebrae possessing opening for hemal canal at vertebra six and at vertebra 10. Hemal and neural spines on anterior portion of body vertically displaced relative to body axis, posteriorly inclined on caudal peduncle. Hemal and neural spine anteroposteriorly expanded and long, reaching dorsal surface of body. Hemal spines contacting anal-fin pterygiophores bifid. Total vertebrae 29–31 [29 (2); 30 *(2); 31 (2)]. Four pairs of ribs, on vertebrae six to nine. Dorsal fin with three rays, without spinelet (Fig. 3 A). First ray unbranched, spinous, followed by two branched rays. Last dorsal-fin ray free from back, not adnate. Anterior nuchal plate absent, middle nuchal plate contacting posterior nuchal plate laterally (Fig. 3 A). Posterior nuchal plate not developed laterally, lateral margin extending slightly beyond contact with middle nuchal plate. Pectoral fin with rigid spine and five to six (modally five) branched soft rays, except for last ray unbranched. Pectoral-fin spine slightly curved along its main axis, bearing fine ridges on ventral and dorsal surfaces of its shaft. Pectoral-fin tip bearing two to three short v-shaped unossified lepidotrichia, its hemitrichs of approximately same size (Fig. 7). Anterior margin of pectoral-fin spine with feeble serrae along its distal fourth, remaining portion of spine smooth. Posterior margin of spine bearing antrorse dentations on its distal half. Two ossified plus one cartilaginous pectoral-fin radial. Supracleithrum not fused with neurocranium, bearing large knobby ridge on its dorsal surface. Postcoracoid process moderate, extending slightly beyond the postcleithral process. Pelvic fin with six soft rays, third and fourth rays longest, not reaching anal-fin origin, first ray unbranched followed by four branched rays and last frequently unbranched. Basipterygium posterior margin jagged. Anal fin with five to six rays (modally five), first two or three unbranched, a third of length of last anal-fin ray extension adnate by membrane to body. Caudal fin with nine principal rays, five associated with upper lobe and four with ventral lobe (Fig. 6), posterior margin of caudal fin convex. Lowermost and uppermost caudal-fin rays unbranched, those slightly shorter than following branched rays. Caudal fin with two thickened procurrent rays on upper and lower lobes, anterior procurrent ray rod-shape or reduced and posterior procurrent ray thickened and “S” shape, sometimes partially fused with anterior procurrent ray. Posterior margin of upper hypural (hypurals three to five) extending posteriorly further than lower hypural plate (hypurals one and two fused with parhypural). Hypurapophysis developed at parhypural located ventrally to first preural centrum. Second ural half-centrum well developed (Fig. 6). Adipose fin absent. FIGURE 6. Lateral view of left side of caudal skeleton of Amaralia oviraptor ANSP 197190, 104 mm SL. DPR, dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays; FR, ventralmost unbranched caudal-fin ray; EP+UN, epural fused with uroneural; HS, hemal spine of 30 th vertebra; HY 3-5, hypurals 3–5; HYP, hypurapophyses; PH +HY 1-2; parhypural fused with hypurals 1–2; PU 1 +U 1, first preural centrum plus first ural centrum; U 2, second ural centrum; VPR, ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Scale bar = 2mm. Nasal bone ossified, lateral to mesethmoid. Infraorbital 1 anterior limb pointed, extending anterior to anterior margin of premaxilla. Antorbital mesial limb rounded and associated with infraorbital lateralis canal. Three additional tubular infraorbital ossifications, passing below eye margin and entering neurocranium through sphenotic. Mandibular canal incomplete and not enclosed in dentary bone. Mandibular canal bearing a single tubular ossification at vertical with retroarticular bone, a gap, and posteriorly three to four tubular ossifications near its entrance in preopercle (Fig. 5). Extrascapular present (Fig. 4). Anterior portion of lateral line running just aside lateral margin of fourth parapophysis. Lateral line complete, straight and extending to hypural plate, formed by simple tubes with lateral hook-shaped projections and without dorsal and ventral plate-like extensions. Color in alcohol. Head and body light brown to dark gray, venter of body about as dark as dorsum (Fig. 1). A series of light spots on distal portions of enlarged tubercles scattered over the body, these most conspicuous and enlarged in the series of tubercles associated with the lateral line. All fins mostly dark with clear distal portions, proximal portions of pelvic fin with light scattered areas. Live specimens have similar color pattern (Fig. 2). Distribution. Amaralia oviraptor is widely distributed in the Paraná-Paraguay River system, found throughout the Paraguay River Basin in Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina and also in the Paraná drainage in Argentina and Brazil (Fig. 8). The new species seems to be absent in some portions of this system such as the Uruguay River Basin and the main tributaries of the upper Paraná. Etymology. The epithet oviraptor is a combination of the Latin ovum (ovi), meaning egg; and raptor, a robber or plunderer, commonly used term for a predator, here referring to the peculiar dietary preferences observed in this species. Treated as a noun in apposition. Ecological notes. An interesting aspect of Amaralia is its apparent dietary specialization on both the eggs and developing embryos of other catfishes (Friel, 1994; Roberts, 2015). Direct evidence of such oophagy is based on examination of the stomach contents from 23 preserved Amaralia specimens (17 A. hypsiura and six A. oviraptor). Seven of these specimens (six female and one male) contained masses of ova or developing embryos in their stomach. The source of the eggs and embryos is most likely those of loricariid catfishes, and in least in one instance, the caudal fin-ray counts of the embryos fall within the range for loricariid catfishes. One male contained a single scoloplacid catfish specimen in its stomach, and the remaining 15 specimens (seven female and eight male) had empty stomachs. These observations differ significantly from the documented diets of other aspredinids, where stomach contents typically contained some organic detritus along with various aquatic and terrestrial insect prey.Published as part of Friel, John P. & Carvalho, Tiago P., 2016, A new species of Amaralia Fowler (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Paraná-Paraguay River Basin, pp. 531-546 in Zootaxa 4088 (4) on pages 533-541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4088.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/26398
Mitomycin C in highly myopic eyes - Author reply
No full textOphthalmology. 2005 Feb;112(2):208-18; discussion 219.
Mitomycin C modulation of corneal wound healing after photorefractive keratectomy in highly myopic eyes.
Gambato C, Ghirlando A, Moretto E, Busato F, Midena E.
SourceRefractive Surgery Service and Antimetabolite Therapy Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of topical mitomycin C in corneal wound healing (CWH) after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in highly myopic eyes.
DESIGN: Prospective, double-masked, randomized clinical trial.
PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-two eyes of 36 patients affected by high (>7 diopters) myopia.
METHODS: In each patient, one eye was randomly assigned to PRK with intraoperative topical 0.02% mitomycin C application, and the fellow eye was treated with a placebo. Postoperatively, mitomycin C-treated eyes received artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months), whereas the fellow eye was treated with fluorometholone sodium 2% and artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, manifest refraction, and biomicroscopy. Contrast sensitivity was determined using the Pelli-Robson chart. Corneal confocal microscopy documented CWH.
RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 18 months (range, 12-36). No side effects or toxic effects were documented. At 12-month follow-up examination, UCVAs (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) were 0.4+/-0.48 and 0.5+/-0.53 (P = .03) in mitomycin C-treated eyes and corticosteroid-treated eyes, respectively. At 1 year, corneal haze developed in 20% of corticosteroid-treated eyes, versus 0% of mitomycin C-treated eyes. At 12, 24, and 36 months, corneal confocal microscopy showed activated keratocytes and extracellular matrix significantly more evident in untreated eyes (Ps = 0.004, 0.024, and 0.046, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Topical intraoperative application of 0.02% mitomycin C can reduce haze formation in highly myopic eyes undergoing PRK.
Comment in
Ophthalmology. 2006 Feb;113(2):357; author reply 357-8
Climate change adaptation: Where does global health fit in the agenda?
No full textAbstract Human-induced climate change will affect the lives of most populations in the next decade and beyond. It will have greatest, and generally earliest, impact on the poorest and most disadvantaged populations on the planet. Changes in climatic conditions and increases in weather variability affect human wellbeing, safety, health and survival in many ways. Some impacts are direct-acting and immediate, such as impaired food yields and storm surges. Other health effects are less immediate and typically occur via more complex causal pathways that involve a range of underlying social conditions and sectors such as water and sanitation, agriculture and urban planning. Climate change adaptation is receiving much attention given the inevitability of climate change and its effects, particularly in developing contexts, where the effects of climate change will be experienced most strongly and the response mechanisms are weakest. Financial support towards adaptation activities from various actors including the World Bank, the European Union and the United Nations is increasing substantially. With this new global impetus and funding for adaptation action come challenges such as the importance of developing adaptation activities on a sound understanding of baseline community needs and vulnerabilities, and how these may alter with changes in climate. The global health community is paying heed to the strengthening focus on adaptation, albeit in a slow and unstructured manner. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of adaptation and its relevance to global health, and highlight the opportunities to improve health and reduce health inequities via the new and additional funding that is available for climate change adaptation activities.</p
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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