1,721,247 research outputs found
Biss mit Folgen
Full text linkAuch wenn die Tollwut in Deutschland als ausgerottet gilt, die Krankheit ist noch lange nicht besiegt. Weltweit sterben jährlich noch immer Tausende Menschen an der Virusinfektion
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen der Fledermaustollwut in Deutschland
No full textDas Wissen über fledermausassoziierte Lyssaviren in Hinblick auf die Diversität, Abundanz, geographische Verbreitung, Wirtsspezifität, Pathogenität und mögliche Übertragungswege ist lückenhaft. In Europa wird zur Überwachung der Fledermaustollwut die Untersuchung von moribunden oder toten Tieren (passive Surveillance) und/oder die Beprobung von freilebenden Fledermauspopulationen (aktive Surveillance) empfohlen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den derzeitigen Kenntnisstand zum Vorkommen von fledermausassoziierten Lyssaviren in Deutschland zu erweitern und mit Daten anderer europäischer Länder zu vergleichen. Die Untersuchungen stützten sich dabei auf drei Teilprojekte: 1) Die initiale Statuserhebung und Analyse der Fledermaustollwut-Surveillance in Europa hat gezeigt, dass trotz internationaler Empfehlungen die Tollwut-Überwachung bei Fledermäusen uneinheitlich durchgeführt wird. Diese Unterschiede sind unter anderem die Folge (i) fehlender Zusammenarbeit zwischen Fledermausbiologen und Veterinär- sowie Gesundheitsbehörden, (ii) fehlender Netzwerke von Fledermaussachverständigen, (iii) länderspezifischer Regelungen, aber auch (iv) fehlenden Bewusstseins sowie Kenntnisstandes für die Fledermaustollwut in der Bevölkerung. 2) In Deutschland wurde zusätzlich zur Tollwut-Routinediagnostik eine intensivierte passive Tollwut-Surveillance (retrospektive Studie, 1998 – 2013) durchgeführt, bei der 5478 Tiere aus insgesamt 21 einheimischen Arten akquiriert und auf das Vorliegen einer Lyssavirusinfektion untersucht wurden. Insgesamt konnten 52 EBLV-1 Infektionen (E. serotinus (n=49), P. pipistrellus, P. nathusii, Pl. auritus) sowie drei EBLV-2 Infektionen (M. daubentonii) diagnostiziert werden. Die Untersuchungen verdeutlichen, dass diese retrospektive Studie im Vergleich zur Routinediagnostik entscheidende Vorteile in Bezug auf den Stichprobenumfang, das Artenspektrum sowie die Fehlerfreiheit von artbezogenen biologischen und epidemiologischen Daten und somit entscheidende Voraussetzungen für eine gezielte Risikobewertung einer potentiellen Gesundheitsgefährdung des Menschen durch fledermausassoziierte Lyssaviren bietet. 3) Im Rahmen der aktiven Tollwut-Surveillance (1998 – 2012) erfolgte an 42 Standorten in Deutschland die Beprobung von Fledermauspopulationen. Es wurden 4546 Maultupfer- und 1226 Serumproben von 18 Fledermausspezies untersucht. EBLV-1-spezifische RNA wurde in Maultupfern von fünf Breitflügelfledermäusen, einer Fransen- und einer Mopsfledermaus detektiert. In dieser Arbeit konnte erstmalig EBLV-1 aus einer RT-PCR-positiven Maultupferprobe von einer scheinbar gesunden Breitflügelfledermaus isoliert werden. Bei der serologischen Testung von Serumproben gegen EBLV-1 wurden virus-neutralisierende Antikörper in acht verschiedenen Spezies festgestellt, wobei hauptsächlich Seren von Breitflügelfledermäusen höhere Titer aufwiesen. Ein Vergleich von Ergebnissen verschiedener Sero-Surveillance-Studien ist durch das Fehlen standardisierter Testverfahren und durch kreuzneutralisierende Antikörper gegenüber Lyssaviren gleicher Phylogruppen kaum möglich. Die Daten der aktiven Surveillance liefern im Gegensatz zur passiven Surveillance nur begrenzte Erkenntnisse zum Vorkommen, der Prävalenz und Dynamik von Fledermaustollwut in einheimischen Fledermauspopulationen. Die Form der intensivierten passiven Surveillance sollte daher als Standard für eine zukünftige Surveillance der Fledermaustollwut in Deutschland und anderen europäischen Ländern betrachtet werden. Darüber hinaus wurde bei natürlich infizierten Fledermäusen (E. serotinus, M. daubentonii, P. nathusii) die Virusverteilung und -last in Geweben verschiedener Organe unter dem Aspekt möglicher Ausscheidungswege untersucht. Virus-spezifische RNA wurde in allen untersuchten Organen nachgewiesen; bedingt durch die neurotropen Eigenschaften der Lyssaviren wurde die höchste Viruslast im Gehirn festgestellt. Signifikant hohe Viruslasten waren zudem in der Speichel¬drüse nachweisbar. Zusätzlich zur Speicheldrüse scheint die Zunge ein Organ zu sein, in dem Virusreplikation und -ausscheidung stattfindet, da in verschiedenen zellulären Strukturen des Zungengewebes Lyssavirusantigen bzw. virale RNA histologisch nachgewiesen wurden. Die Ausscheidung und Übertragung von fledermausassoziierten Lyssaviren über den Harntrakt oder die Atemwege ist wissenschaftlich umstritten und konnte in dieser Studie immunhistochemisch nicht bestätigt werden.The knowledge about the diversity, abundance and occurrence, number of reservoir hosts, pathogenesis and transmission of bat associated lyssaviruses is still incomplete. In Europe, bat rabies surveillance is based on testing of moribund or dead bats (passive surveillance) and by sampling of free-living indigenous bat populations (active surveillance). The objective of this study was to obtain further information and data about the occurrence and epidemiology of bat-associated lyssaviruses in Germany and to compare them with data from other European countries. This study was based on three individual projects. 1) An initial analyses of officially reported or published bat rabies surveillance data indicated that despite international recommendations the level of bat rabies surveillance in Europe is very heterogeneous. This is likely a result of (i) missing collaboration between bat biologists and veterinary- as well as public health authorities, (ii) lack of functioning networks of bat biologists, (iii) country-specific regulations as regards the protection of bats and (iv) a lack of disease awareness among the general public. 2) In Germany, additionally to routine bat rabies surveillance an enhanced passive surveillance study (retrospective study, 1998 – 2013) was initiated in collaboration with different institutions, authorities and bat biologists. Of 5478 bats comprising 21 species screened for lyssavirus infections 55 bats were positive. European bat lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2) was isolated from three Daubenton´s bats (M. daubentonii). In contrast, EBLV-1 infections were not only detected in the Serotine bat (E. serotinus n=49) but also in three other indigenous bat species. Based on the experience gained in this project, this enhanced passive surveillance approach has crucial advantages compared to rabies routine diagnosis with regard to sample size, range and correct identification of bat species and other denominator data and hence, provides better insights into the true epidemiological situation. Therefore, we propose that enhanced passive bat rabies surveillance is a useful complement to routine rabies diagnosis to enable a better and more focussed risk assessment of bat lyssaviruses for public health in Germany. 3) During active bat rabies surveillance (1998 – 2012) a total of 4546 oro-pharyngeal swabs and 1226 serum samples of 18 free-living bat species from 42 locations in Germany were obtained. Lyssavirus-specific RNA was found in five oro-pharyngeal swabs from Serotine bats and also in single samples of M. nattereri and B. barbastellus. At an European level, in our survey we were the first to detect and isolate EBLV-1 from an oro-pharyngeal swab of an apparently healthy Serotine bat. Virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in eight different bat species with highest titres against EBLV-1 detected in sera from Serotine bats. The serological results are difficult to interpret. In general, a comparison of data with other sero-surveillance studies is hampered by a lack of validated test methods including differing cut-offs and test viruses used, and by cross-neutralization of lyssaviruses within phylogroups. Compared to passive surveillance, active bat rabies surveillance provides only limited additional information on the distribution, prevalence and epidemiology of bat lyssaviruses in Europe. Therefore, enhanced passive surveillance should be the standard approach for future bat rabies surveillance in Germany and Europe. Furthermore, to elucidate potential routes of virus excretion virus dissemination and viral load within naturally infected bats (E. serotinus, M. daubentonii, P. nathusii) were investigated by different molecular techniques. The highest viral loads were found in brain tissue followed by salivary glands. However, specific lyssavirus RNA was also detected in a variety of other organs. The tongue appears to be another prominent site for virus replication and possible shedding as immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of lyssaviruses in various cells of the tongue. These findings indicate that excretion and shedding of viable virus occurs mainly via salivary glands associated with the oral cavity and that other routes of virus excretion, e.g. via urinary tract or respiratory system, are highly unlikely
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