1,720,975 research outputs found
sj-docx-1-pss-10.1177_09567976221082938 – Supplemental material for The Evolution of Cognitive Control in Lemurs
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-pss-10.1177_09567976221082938 for The Evolution of Cognitive Control in Lemurs by Francesca De Petrillo, Parvathy Nair, Averill Cantwell and Alexandra G. Rosati in Psychological Science</p
Gli aspetti emotivi delle scelte in condizioni di rischio in una prospettiva comparata
No full textUno degli aspetti del processo decisionale può riguardare la scelta tra un’opzione rischiosa, associata ad esiti incerti, e un’opzione sicura. Secondo Lopes (1983), un individuo si espone a un “rischio” quando prende una decisione con consapevolezza della probabilità di perdita ad essa associata; diversamente, Vlek e Stallen (1981) definiscono il “rischio” sulla base di quanto un individuo valuti negativamente l’effetto di una perdita scaturita da una sua decisione. Alcuni autori (Fischhoff et al., 1981) sostengono che la propensione al rischio sia un tratto stabile nel corso dello sviluppo e in ogni circostanza; per altri, la propensione al rischio è una tendenza influenzata dal giudizio soggettivo se una determinata decisione possa o meno determinare un beneficio (Sitkin e Pablo, 1992). In tempi recenti, la propensione al rischio è stata indagata anche nei bambini con l’obiettivo di individuare l’insorgenza e la propensione a sviluppare comportamenti potenzialmente rischiosi. E’ emerso che la propensione al rischio si modifica in funzione dell’età: ad esempio, in situazioni in cui c'è una piccola probabilità di una grande perdita, bambini di scuola elementare sono più propensi a scegliere l'opzione rischiosa rispetto all’opzione sicura, mentre gli adulti si comportano in maniera opposta (Harbaugh et al. 2002). Allo scopo di indagare le radici evolutive della propensione al rischio, questo aspetto della presa di decisione è stato indagato anche nei primati non umani, in cui emerge un quadro piuttosto complesso: scimpanzé e macachi preferiscono opzioni rischiose (Hayden e Platt 2007, Heilbronner et al. 2008, McCoy e Platt 2005), bonobo, tamarini e lemuri sono avversi al rischio (Heilbronner et al. 2008, MacLean et al. 2012, Stevens 2010), mentre le scimmie uistitì sono indifferenti al rischio (Stevens 2010). L’ipotesi più accreditata ascrive queste differenze all’ambiente in cui queste specie si sono evolute e alla loro ecologia alimentare (Gigerenzer e Todd 1999, Heilbronner et al. 2008). Ciononostante, la traiettoria evolutiva dell’abilità di affrontare decisioni rischiose non è ancora del tutto compresa. Inoltre, i meccanismi alla base di questo costrutto non sono ancora ben definiti, né tantomeno quali siano i fattori cognitivi, sociali ed emotivi che intervengono nella presa di decisione in condizioni di rischio, data la molteplicità degli approcci teorici e metodologici che hanno cercato di rispondere a queste domande. Piuttosto recentemente, l’attenzione si è spostata dagli aspetti cognitivi a quelli emotivi del processo decisionale in situazioni di rischio. Come afferma Schwarz (2000), la relazione tra presa di decisione ed emozioni è preminente e bidirezionale: l’esito positivo o negativo di una decisione può influenzare profondamente i sentimenti del decisore e di conseguenza la sua capacità di scelta; inoltre, una scarsa regolazione emotiva (in particolare alti livelli di impulsività e rabbia) potrebbe essere alla base dell’assunzione di scelte rischiose.
In questo lavoro passeremo in rassegna, in un’ottica comparata, gli studi che hanno indagato gli aspetti emotivi della presa di decisione in condizioni di rischio nei bambini e nei primati non umani, evidenziando gli eventuali elementi di continuità e diversità nei meccanismi emotivi alla base delle decisioni in contesti rischiosi.One aspect of decision-making concerns the choice between a risky option, linked to uncertain results, and a safe option. According to Lopes (1983), an individual exposes herself to a «risk» when she makes a decision being aware of the probability of loss associated with it; in contrast, Vlek and Stallen (1981) define «risk» on the basis of how negatively an individual evaluates the effect of a loss originated by her decision. Some authors (Fischhoff et al. 1981) assert that risk propensity is a stable trait during development and under all circumstances; according to others, risk proneness is an inclination influenced by personal judgement as to whether a determined decision is able to determine a benefit or not (Sitkin and Pablo 1992). More recently, risk proneness has been investigated even in children, in order to identify the onset and the tendency to potentially develop hazardous behaviors. It was found that risk proneness depends on age: for example, in situations in which there is a small probability of a great loss, children in primary school are more inclined to choose the risky option rather than the safe one, while adults behave in the opposite way (Harbaugh et al. 2002). In order to investigate the evolutionary roots of risk proneness, this aspect of decision-making has been also examined in non-human primates, where the scenario seems to be rather complicated. Chimpanzees, rhesus macaques and capuchin monkeys prefer risky options (De Petrillo et al. 2015, Hayden e Platt 2007; Heilbronner et al. 2008; McCoy e Platt 2005), bonobos, cotton-top tamarins and lemurs are risk averse (Heilbronner et al. 2008, MacLean, Mandalaywala e Brannon 2012, Stevens 2010), whereas common marmosets are indifferent between options (Stevens 2010). The most accredited hypothesis sustains that these differences are due to the environment in which these species evolved and their feeding ecology (Gigerenzer e Todd 1999, Heilbronner et al. 2008). Nevertheless, the evolutionary trajectory of the ability to face with risky decisions is still not entirely understood. Furthermore, given the multiplicity of theoretical and methodological approaches that have investigated these questions, neither the mechanisms underlying decision-making under risk are yet well defined, nor which are the cognitive, social and emotional factors that influence this construct. Recently, the focus has shifted from the cognitive to the emotional aspects of decisional processes in risky situations. As Schwarz (2000) affirms, the relationship between decision making and emotions is preeminent and bidirectional: the positive or negative result of a decision can deeply influence the feelings of the decision maker and consequently her choice ability; besides, an emotional dysregulation (i.e., a particularly high level of impulsiveness and anger) could be at the basis of the assumption of hazardous choices. In this paper, we will review, in a comparative perspective, the studies that have investigated the emotional aspects of decision-making under risk in children and in non-human primates, highlighting the possible elements of continuity and difference in the emotional mechanisms at the basis of decisions in contexts of risk
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
- …
