1,721,004 research outputs found
EN_PME_TEST Eranet project : A common European method to determine particle matter emissions (PME) from residential heating appliances and boilers burning solid fuels, main outcomes
No full textInternational audienceThe 20/20/20 target for Europe, i.e. to decrease the emissions of greenhouse gases by 20 % and to increase the use of renewable energy to 20% by the year 2020, will lead to an increased use of biomass combustion, e.g. using wood logs and wood pellets. On the other hand, the Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC) lies down stringent requirements on maximum levels of particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air. Solid fuel burning appliances and boilers produce particulate matter emissions (PME) which are of concern to authorities and the public. The soot and organic components of these emissions are of most concern because they include compounds known for their potential impact on human health and the environment. Because of their small size, generally of the order of 1 micrometer, they readily pass through the nose and throat into the lungs. Some organic gaseous carbons (OGC) in the flue gas are precursors for secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed in the atmosphere due to photo-oxidation under the influence of UV-radiation. Many different methods have historically been used to measure PME from the flue gas of solid fuelled residential appliances and boilers. Confusion has arisen in the market as different and conflicting results have been quoted in manufacturers' literature. It became important to agree on a method applicable for all types of residential appliances and boilers burning solid fuels. This method shall give repeatable results that are of a guaranteed traceable accuracy, and by this means give the consumer reliable information on the suitability of a particular appliance or boiler. In January 2012 the joint European Co-normative Research Project Common European method for the determination of particulate matter emissions of solid fuel burning appliances and boilers (EN-PME-TEST) started. Its aim was to develop and validate a common European test method to determine particle matter emissions from residential heating appliances and boilers burning solid fuels. The project group is a well balanced consortium of research and test establishments comprising some 17 partners from 10 European countries, coordinated by INERIS, France. The project has been performed under the umbrella of the ERANET Bioenergy. The contribution of the different consortium partners has been funded by their national funding agencies or by using self funding. Following the work performed during the project, within the different methods tested, one was selected by the consortium to be proposed, as candidate for standardisation It is based on well known measurement techniques. It consists of the collection of the solid PME fraction using a heated filter and the measurement of OGC using a FID analyzer. PME and OGC sampling gas trains are kept at the identical temperature of 180°. For the definition of the method, the parameters that have influence on the measurement result, such as temperature control have particularly been tested. The uncertainty of the method has been determined thanks to two inter-comparisons on real sources (pellet boiler and wood log stove) performed during the project. The paper proposed here will present : - the different steps of the project that lead to the selection of the candidate method; - a detailed description of the candidate method; - the characteristics of the methods in terms repeatability, reproducibility; - the perspectives and coming steps concerning dissemination of the method and standardisation
Enseignement des études à l’émission réalisées par l’Ineris sur la combustion du bois en foyers domestiques
No full textInternational audienceLe bois est une source d’énergie renouvelable utile à la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique et dont l’utilisation augmente, tant pour le chauffage domestique que pour les activités tertiaires et industrielles. La combustion du bois, notamment lorsqu’elle est pratiquée dans les foyers domestiques, est toutefois à l’origine d’émissions de polluants qui peuvent, à certaines périodes de l’année et dans certaines zones, contribuer significativement aux épisodes de pollution atmosphérique particulaire. Or l’amélioration de la qualité de l’air est un enjeu majeur pour la santé humaine. Le décret du 10 mai 2017 et l’arrêté du 11 mai 2017 qui composent le Plan National de Réduction des Emissions de Polluants Atmosphériques (PREPA) fixe ainsi des objectifs de réduction à horizon 2020, 2025 et 2030 et détermine des actions de réduction à renforcer et mettre en œuvre. Tout l’enjeu est d’agir sur ce mode de chauffage pour en réduire l’impact sur la qualité de l’air. Au cours des dix dernières années l’INERIS a réalisé des études dont les enseignements permettent de mieux comprendre les déterminants des émissions de particules de cette source et d’identifier des leviers d’actions pour les réduire
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
- …
