1,721,022 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Implication des voies descendantes sérotoninergiques dans le contrôle de la nociception dans la maladie de Parkinson
No full textLa maladie de parkinson (MP) est caractérisée par la perte des neurones à dopamine (DA) dans la substance noire compacte qui s’accompagne de symptômes moteurs caractéristiques mais aussi de symptômes non-moteurs comme la douleur dont les mécanismes ne sont pas encore connus. Outre la DA, d’autres systèmes comme le système sérotoninergique (5-HT) peuvent être affectés par la MP. Or celui-ci est fondamental dans le contrôle de la douleur, ses neurones projetant au niveau de la moelle épinière (ME). Nous émettons donc l’hypothèse que la douleur dans la MP est liée à une perturbation de la modulation douloureuse par les voies descendantes 5-HT. Pour tester cela, nous avons utilisé le modèle 6-OHDA de MP chez la souris. Nous montrons que la déplétion dopaminergique (DA) diminue les seuils douloureux mécaniques bilatéralement, engendre une augmentation de l’activité nociceptive de la corne dorsale de moelle épinière (CDME) et notamment une hyperactivité des neurones nociceptifs de celle-ci. Aussi, elle engendre une augmentation de l'activité de neurones 5-HT du nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) et une augmentation des niveaux de 5-HT dans la ME. Afin de vérifier que l'hypersensibilité observée chez les souris 6-OHDA est directement liée à l'augmentation de l'activité 5-HT, nous avons utilisé des souris transgéniques 5-HTcre et des techniques d’optogénétiques pour spécifiquement inhiber la voie 5-HT descendante. Nous montrons ainsi que l’inhibition de la voie 5-HT permet un rétablissement partiel de la sensibilité douloureuse chez les souris 6-OHDA ainsi qu’une diminution de l’activité nociceptive de la CDME. Ce rétablissement peut être mimé par l’injection intrathécale d’antagonistes des récepteurs 5-HT2a et 3. Tout cela montre que la délétion DA augmente l’activité des neurones 5-HT du NRM induisant une hyperexcitabilité spinale associée à une hypersensibilité douloureuse. Ces résultats révèlent une voie facilitatrice de la 5-HT après déplétion DA alors que chez les souris naïves, il a été montré une inhibition de la douleur par la voie 5-HT descendante, suggérant que le rôle de la 5-HT dans le contrôle de la nociception change en fonction de l'activité de ses neurones. Nous avons donc étudié le rôle du niveau de stimulation de la voie 5-HT sur la nociception. Nous montrons que l'inhibition des voies 5-HT, réduit les seuils de retrait de la patte et augmente l'activité des neurones nociceptifs dans la CDME, révélant un rôle tonique anti-nociceptif de la voie 5-HT en condition normale.Ensuite, nous avons activé les voies 5-HT en utilisant différents protocoles optogénétiques et chémogénétiques. Nous avons confirmé avec l'optogénétique que les stimulations à court terme des neurones 5-HT est analgésique tandis que celles plus longues sont proalgésiques. Les expériences chémogénétiques suggèrent aussi que différentes concentrations de DCZ conduisent à un contrôle opposé de la douleur, mais des expériences supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour consolider ces résultats. Cependant, tout cela étaye l'hypothèse selon laquelle le niveau d'activité des neurones 5-HT régule leur effet sur la transmission nociceptive. Enfin, nous explorons les récepteurs médullaires de la 5-HT impliqués et montrons que l'effet analgésique passe par les récepteurs 5-HT2a et c des interneurones locaux, tandis que l'effet hyperalgésique nécessite le recrutement des récepteurs 5-HT3.En conclusion, ce travail démontre que (1) le niveau d'activité des neurones 5-HT est un indicateur crucial du contrôle 5-HT de la douleur, allant de l'analgésie à l'hyperalgésie, et que (2) la perte des neurones DA entraîne une augmentation de l'activité de la voie descendante 5-HT, induisant une hypersensibilité nociceptive liées aux récepteurs spinaux 5-HT2a/5-HT3. Cela ouvre à l’exploration de l'utilisation d'antagonistes de la 5-HT dans le traitement potentiel de la douleur chronique dans la MP et l'utilisation de l'activité des neurones 5-HT comme indicateur de douleurs pathologiques.Parkinson disease (PD) is a multi-factory disorder leading to motor but also to non-motor symptoms, associated with dopamine (DA) depletion in basal ganglia. One of the major non-motor symptom is chronic pain whose underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. Beyond DA, it is also known that other monoaminergic systems such as serotonergic (5-HT) are altered in PD. Moreover, 5-HT descending neurons projecting from the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (DHSC) exert an important pain modulation. Thus, we hypothesized that chronic pain in PD is associated to a perturbation of pain control by 5-HT descending pathways.To test this, we used the 6-OHDA mouse model of PD that kill over 90% of DA neurons in the SNc. Depletion of DA neurons led to decreased bilateral mechanical pain thresholds and increased nociceptive activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (DHSC) notably by inducing a hyperactivity of spinal nociceptive neurons. Additionally, we found an increased activity of 5-HT neurons of the nucleus raphe magnus, an increased barrage of excitatory inputs on these neurons and raised 5-HT levels in the spinal cord compared to sham animals.To verify that the observed hypersensitivity in 6-OHDA mice was directly linked to the increased 5-HT activity, we used transgenic mice expressing cre-recombinase in 5-HT neurons, allowing specific expression of light-dependent inhibitory opsins. Inhibition of the 5-HT-spinal cord pathway partially restored pain sensitivity in 6-OHDA animals and reduced nociceptive activity in the DHSC. This partial recovery could be mimicked by intrathecal injection of 5-HT2a and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. These results show that DA depletion is associated to increase 5-HT neuron activity in the NRM that mediate spinal hyperexcitability associated to nociceptive hypersensitivity.These results show a 5-HT facilitatory pathway after DA depletion. In contrast, previously, in naive mice we showed a 5-HT descending pain inhibition suggesting that the role of serotonin in nociceptive control change upon 5-HT neurons activity. To test for that hypothesis, we thus investigated the role of the level of stimulation of the 5-HT descending pathway on nociceptive response and dorsal horn neurons excitability. We show that contrary to DA depletion, inhibition of 5-HT pathways reduced paw withdrawal thresholds and increased nociceptive neuron activity in the DHSC, demonstrating a tonic anti-nociceptive role of the 5-HT pathway under normal conditions. Next, we activated 5-HT descending pathways using different optogenetic and chemogenetic protocols of stimulation. We confirmed with optogenetic that short-term stimulation of 5-HT neuron is analgesic while longer stimulation are proalgesic. Chemogenetic experiments also suggest different DCZ concentrations also lead to opposite pain control but experiments need to be consolidated. However, all these results support the hypothesis that the activity level of 5-HT neurons controls their effect on nociceptive transmission from antinociceptive at low level to pronociceptive at higher levels. We finally address the question of the spinal 5-HT receptors involved and we show that analgesic effect is associated to activation of local inhibitory interneurons expressing 5-HT2a and c receptors while hyperalgesic effect of high level of activity need the recruitment of 5-HT3 receptors.In conclusion, this work demonstrates that (1) the level of activity of 5-HT neurons is a crucial indicator of serotonergic control of pain going from analgesia to hyperalgesia, and that (2) the loss of DA neurons in PD leads to increased activity of 5-HT descending pathway, resulting in a spinal 5-HT2a/5-HT3 dependent nociceptive hypersensitivity in mice. Lastly, it opens avenues for exploring the use of serotonin antagonists in the potential treatment of chronic pain in Parkinson's disease and the use 5-HT neurons activity as an indicator of pathological pain
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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