1,720,977 research outputs found
Immunocellular behavior and susceptibility to infections in type 1 diabetes mellitus
No full textO diabetes mellitus tipo 1 é uma situação patológica endócrino-metabólica humana, de evolução crônica, caracterizada por complicações que comprometem a qualidade e sobrevida do indivíduo, destacando-se as angiopatias, a neuropatia e a maior suscetibilidade às infecções. As citocinas têm grande importância na etiopatogênese do diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 e atualmente têm se estudado suas relações com algumas destas complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento imunocelular de pacientes diabéticos do tipo 1 através da medida da linfoproliferação in vitro e da determinação dos níveis de citocinas (IL1, IL2, IL4, IL6 e TNFα) no soro destes pacientes e em sobrenadante de culturas de células mononucleares do sangue periférico dos mesmos. Células mononucleares de 17 pacientes diabéticos foram colocadas em culturas na presença de LPS (10µg/ ml) e IFNγ (50U/ml) durante 72 horas e a linfoproliferação foi medida pela incorporação de 3H-timidina pelas células e a radioatividade, em contagem por minuto (com) foi verificada em contador de radiação β. As citocinas foram determinadas por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Os resultados dos indivíduos diabéticos foram comparados com um grupo controle de 15 indivíduos normais. O índice de estimulação foi calculado através da incorporação de 3H timidina, após a estimulação com PHA em relação a incorporação das culturas não estimuladas. Foi evidenciado uma linfoproliferação significativamente maior nas células mononucleares do grupo controle (89 ± 25) em relação às dos indivíduos diabéticos (48,3 ± 20,5). Os níveis de IL1, IL6 e TNFα estavam elevados no soro dos pacientes diabéticos (6,0 ± 5,7 ; 5,7 ± 3,2 e 139,1 ± 68,8 ng/ml) quando comparados com os indivíduos controles (0,7 ± 0,2 ; 1,6 ± 0,7 e 38,9 ± 15,1 ng/ml), no entanto, os níveis de IL1, IL6 e TNFα no sobrenadante das culturas dos pacientes diabéticos (21,2 ± 17,6 ; 3,53 ± 2,9 e 25,0 ± 13,3 ng/ml) foram significativamente menores que os níveis do grupo controle (67,0 ± 30,5 ; 13,8 ± 5,5 e 61 ± 17,7ng/ml). Os níveis de IL2 tanto no soro como no sobrenadante das culturas de células foram significativamente menores nos indivíduos diabéticos (16,7 ± 11,2 e 17,9 ± 14 ng/ml) que nos controles normais (30,2 ± 4,3 e 45,2 ± 26 ng/ml). Em contraste, os níveis de IL4 tanto no soro (27,7 ± 13,8 ng/ml) como no sobrenadante das células dos pacientes diabéticos (41,6 ± 23,4 ng/ml) foram mais elevados quando comparados ao grupo controle (3,2 ± 1,6 e 14,3 ± 11,6 ng/ml). Os níveis séricos elevados de IL1, IL4, IL6 e TNFα observados nos pacientes diabéticos sugerem que os mecanismos de ativação macrofágica são desenvolvidos durante a evolução do diabetes, mas a resposta macrofágica pode ser negativamente controlada pela ação da IL4. A baixa produção de citocinas nas culturas de células dos indivíduos diabéticos sugere uma deficiência na capacidade das células mononucleares de responder a um estímulo antigênico, podendo ser um dos motivos do maior desenvolvimento de infecções em indivíduos diabéticos.Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an human endocrine-metabolic pathological condition with a chronic course that affects the survival and quality of life of individuais, mainly by vascular complication, neuropathy and the increase incidence of infections. It has been demonstrated that cytokines have an important influence in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Recently, studies about the relationship between cytokines and chronic complication have been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular immunological response in type 1 diabetic patients using the measure of lymphoproliferation rate and cytokine leveis (IL1, IL2, IL4, IL6 e TNFα) in serum and culture supernatants of peripherical blood monocytes cells. Monocytes cells of 17 diabetic patients were cultured with LPS (10µ g/ml) and IFNγ (50 U/ml) for 72 hours and the lymphoproliferation was measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Cytokines were assayed in serum and cultured cell supernatants by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). The results of diabetic patients were compared with a control group of 15 healthy non diabetic subjects. The stimulation index in response to PHA of cultured cells showed significantly higher values in the control group (89 ± 25) than in diabetic patients (48,3 + 20,5). The serum leveis of IL1, IL6 and TNFα were higher in the diabetic patients (6,0 ± 5,7;5,7 ± 3,2 e 139,1 ± 68,8 ng/ml) than in control subjects (0,7 ± 0,2 ; 1,6 ± 0,7 e 38,9 ± 15,1 ng/ml), whereas the levei of IL1, IL6 e TNFα in supernatants of cultured cells was significantly lower in diabetic patients (21,2 ± 17,6 ; 3,53 ± 2,9 e 25,0 ± 13,3ng/ml) than in control subjects (67,0 ± 30,5 ; 13,8 ± 5,5 e 61 ± 17,7ng/ml). IL2 level was significantly lower in diabetic patients (16,7 ± 11,2 e 17,9 ± 14 ng/ml), both in serum and supernatants of cultured cells than in the control group (30,2 ± 4,3 e 45,2 ± 26ng/ml). In contrast , IL4 was higher in the serum (27,7 ± 13,8 ng/ml) and supernatants (41,6 ± 23,4 ng/ml) in diabetic patients than in non diabetic group (3,2 ± 1,6 e 14,3 ± 11,6 ng/ml). The higher serum leveis of IL1, IL4, IL6, TNFα observed in diabetic patients suggest the presence of macrophage activation process in the course of diabetes, but the macrophage response could be impaired by the action of the IL4. The lower production of cytokines by the cultured cells of diabetic patients suggests a deficient response of monocytes to an antigenic stimulation , that could be responsible for the increased incidence of infections in the diabetic subjects
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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