1,721,204 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Une histoire subjective des recherches sur les archées en France
No full textL’auteur décrit comment sa collaboration avec le microbiologiste Daniel Prieur, puis son installation à l’Institut Pasteur ont facilité l’émergence d’une communauté de recherche sur les archées. Il évoque les débats actuels sur LUCA, la topologie de l’arbre universel et l’origine des eucaryotes.The author describes the discovery of reverse gyrase, an enzyme essential for life at high temperatures, and the identification of the protein that triggers genetic recombination in humans. These discoveries were made thanks to Archaea, one of the three life forms on earth
Primer-independent DNA polymerases and their use for DNA synthesis
No full textThe present invention provides an isolated peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 needed for primase active as well as new replicative DNA polymerase enzymes, preferably that of SEQ ID NO: 2, comprising said peptide. Thus, these DNA polymerases are endowed with priming activity and do not require externally provided primers for initiating and performing DNA amplification. These polymerases are able to carry out a faithful and processive de novo DNA synthesis of DNA templates in the absence of pre-synthetized primers. Therefore, these enzymes of the invention act both as primases and DNA polymerases. Furthermore, they show translesion synthesis capacity, so that they may be useful not only for whole-genome amplification but also for the amplification of damaged DNAs. The invention further refers to methods for amplifying templates DNAs using these enzymesPeer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Institut PasteurA1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnic
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Study of membrane vesicles produced by hyperthermophilic marine archaea of the order of Thermococcales
No full textLa sécrétion de vésicules membranaires (VMs) constitue un processus physiologique important qui a particulièrement été étudié chez les Bactéries et les Eucaryotes. La récente découverte de la production de VMs chez les Archées souligne cependant que ce phénomène est universel et suggère que le dernier ancêtre commun aux trois domaines, LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor), produisait certainement des VMs. Les VMs des Archées n’ayant pour le moment été étudiées que chez certaines Crénarchées (ex : G/ Sulfolobus), nous avons entrepris de caractériser les VMs produites par un groupe d’Euryarchées hyperthermophiles anaérobies, les Thermococcales. Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous avons examiné le mécanisme de production ainsi que la composition en lipides et en protéines des VMs de trois espèces de Thermococcales: Thermococcus kodakaraensis, Thermococcus gammatolerans et Thermocococus sp. 5-4. Nous avons observé que les VMs sont sécrétées par un processus de bourgeonnement à partir de l’enveloppe cellulaire similaire à la formation des ectosomes par les cellules eucaryotes. De plus, les VMs sont fréquemment libérées en groupes, formant de grosses protubérances ou des filaments ressemblant aux nanopodes récemment décrits chez les Bactéries. Des différences de structure et de composition protéique sont observées entre les VMs des trois souches étudiées. Cependant, les VMs et les membranes cellulaires d’une même souche ont des compositions protéique et lipidique très proches, confirmant que les VMs sont produites à partir des membranes des cellules. Les VMs et les membranes cellulaires des trois souches comportent notamment un récepteur de peptides de la famille OppA (Oligopeptide-binding protein A) et des homologues de cette protéine ont été identifiés dans les VMs de certaines souches de Sulfolobus.Les VMs sécrétées par les Thermococcales sont associées à de l’ADN et cette association les protègent contre la thermodégradation. Nous montrons dans notre étude que les cellules de T. kodakaraensis transformées avec le plasmide navette plC70 relâchent des VMs comportant ce plasmide. De façon intéressante, ces VMs peuvent être utilisées pour transférer pLC70 à des cellules dénuées de plasmides, suggérant que les VMs pourraient être impliquées dans le transfert d’ADN entre cellules à haute température.Dans la seconde partie de cette étude, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la souche Thermococcus nautilus, une Thermococcale produisant des VMs associées de manière sélective à deux plasmides contenus dans la cellule. L’un d’eux correspond notamment à un génome viral défectueux de la lignée d’adenovirus PRD1. Ceci indique que les VMs peuvent être un moyen de transport pour des génomes viraux et suggère que la production de VMs par des cellules ancestrales pourraient avoir joué un rôle dans l’apparition des virus.En plus d’être impliquées dans le transport de plasmides/virus, les VMs produites par T. nautilus exercent un effet toxique sur certaines souches de Thermococcales, probablement dû au convoyage de toxines. Même si ces « thermococcines » nécessitent d’être caractérisées, il s’agit de la première mise en évidence d’une activité toxique liée aux VMs chez les Thermococcales.Secretion of membrane vesicles (MVs) is an important physiological process that has been extensively studied in Bacteria and Eukarya. The recent discovery that Archaea produce MVs shows that this process is universal and suggests that the Last Universal Common Ancestor, LUCA, certainly produced MVs. As these archaeal MVs have been only studied in some Crenarchaeota (ex: G/ Sulfolobus), we started characterizing MVs produced by Thermococcales, a group of hyperthermophilic anaerobic Euryarchaeota.In the first part of this study we examined the mechanism of production as well as the protein and lipid composition of MVs produced by three strains of Thermococcales: Thermococcus kodakaraensis, Thermococcus gammatolerans and Thermocococus sp. 5-4. We observed that MVs are released by a budding process from the cell envelope that is similar to ectosome formation in eukaryotic cells. Moreover, clusters of MVs often form filamentous structures and protuberances on cell surfaces, resembling recently described bacterial nanopods. Differences in structure are observable between MVs of the three species, as well as in their protein composition. However, MVs and cell membranes from the same species have a quite similar protein and lipid composition, confirming that MVs are produced from cell membranes. A major protein present in cell membranes and MVs from the three strains is the oligopeptide-binding proteins (OppA), which has homologues in MVs from Sulfolobus species. Thermococcales MVs harbor DNA and protect this DNA against thermodegradation. Here, we show that T. kodakaraensis cells transformed with the shuttle plasmid pLC70 release MVs harboring this plasmid. Interestingly, these MVs can be used to transfer pLC70 into plasmid-free cells, suggesting that MVs could be involved in DNA transfer between cells at high temperature. In the second part of this study, we were specially interested in the strain Thermococcus nautilus, a Thermococcale that produces MVs selectively enriched in two plasmids from the cell. Notably, one of them corresponds to the genome of a defective virus from PRD1-adenovirus lineage. This indicates that MVs can be used as vehicles for the transport of viral genomes and suggests that production of MVs by ancestral cells could have played a role in the origin of viruses.In addition to be involved in transport of plasmids/viruses, MVs from T. nautilus display a toxic effect on some strains of Thermococcales, maybe due to the delivery of toxins. Even if these “thermococcins” remain to be characterized, this is the first time that a toxic activity associated with MVs has been shown in Thermococcales
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Biochemical characterization of the biosynthesis machineries of t6A, a universal modified nucleoside
No full textLes ARN de transfert, éléments centraux de la traduction, présentent une grande variété de nucléosides modifiés dérivés des nucléosides canoniques (A, U, G et C), qui modulent la stabilité, la capacité de décodage et l’identité de ces molécules. t6A (thréonylcarbamoyl-N6-Adénosine) est un nucléoside hypermodifié retrouvé en position 37 (adjacent à l’anticodon) au niveau de tous les ARNt qui s’apparient aux codons de la forme ANN. Il joue un rôle essentiel dans la fidélité de traduction à travers deux fonctions principales : (i) il intervient dans le maintien de la bonne conformation de la boucle anticodon ; (ii) il facilite l’appariement codon/anticodon afin d’éviter le décalage de cadre de lecture durant la synthèse protéique. Ce nucléoside modifié est universel, présent chez les Archées, les Bactéries, les Eucaryotes, mais également chez les organites (mitochondries et chloroplastes), ce qui suggère que son apparition représente une acquisition évolutive importante et très ancienne, probablement antérieure au dernier ancêtre commun universel (LUCA). Pourtant, la voie de biosynthèse de t6A est restée inconnue pendant près de quarante ans.Récemment, des études de génétique ont montré que deux protéines universelles, Sua5/YrdC et Kae1/YgjD, sont nécessaires à sa synthèse chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Escherichia coli. Chez les Bactéries, la synthèse in vitro de t6A requiert la présence de deux autres protéines spécifiques à ce domaine du vivant : YeaZ et YjeE. Chez les Archées et les Eucaryotes, Kae1 (l’orthologue de YgjD) fait partie d’un complexe protéique conservé appelé KEOPS (pour Kinase Endopeptidase and Other Proteins of Small size), aux côtés de trois autres protéines : Bud32, Cgi121 et Pcc1, qui n’ont pas d’homologues chez les Bactéries. Depuis sa découverte en 2006 chez S.cerevisiae, ce complexe a été impliqué dans plusieurs processus cellulaires (homéostasie des télomères, maintien du génome, régulation de la transcription), sans que sa fonction ne soit clairement élucidée.Nous avons entrepris de caractériser et de comparer par une approche biochimique in vitro les machineries de biosynthèse de t6A issues des trois domaines du vivants, en utilisant comme organismes modèles l’Archée Pyrococcus abyssi, l’Eucaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae et la Bactérie Escherichia coli. (i) Nous avons montré pour la première fois que le complexe KEOPS et la protéine Sua5 catalysent ensemble la synthèse de t6A chez les Archées et les Eucaryotes. Nos résultats nous ont permis d’élaborer un modèle de mécanisme catalytique, et nous avons montré par des expériences de complémentation in vitro que ce mécanisme est universel : les différents orthologues Sua5/YrdC sont interchangeables, et le complexe KEOPS est l’analogue fonctionnel du trio de protéines YgjD/YeaZ/YjeE Bactérien. (ii) Nous avons alors étudié le rôle de chacune des sous-unités du complexe KEOPS de Pyrococcus abyssi dans la synthèse de t6A. Ainsi, nous avons montré que Kae1 est le seul composant catalytique stricto sensus et que les trois autres partenaires ont des fonctions distinctes dans la régulation de l’activité catalytique. (iii) Enfin, nous avons étudié la synthèse de t6A chez la mitochondrie de S.cerevisiae, et avons montré que Sua5 et la protéine Qri7, l’orthologue mitochondrial de Kae1/YgjD, catalysent ensemble la synthèse de t6A et constituent ainsi un système minimaliste à deux composants.Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à une compréhension détaillée du mécanisme de biosynthèse de t6A dans les trois domaines du vivant, et permettent de proposer des scénarii évolutifs concernant l’histoire de la machinerie de synthèse de ce nucléoside modifié universel.Transfer RNA are central elements of the translational system and carry a large diversity of modified nucleosides (derived from canonical nucleosides A, U, G, and C), which tune the stability, the decoding capacity and the identity of these oligonucleotides. t6A (threonylcarbamoyl-N6- adenosine) is a hypermodified nucleoside found at the position 37 (next to the anticodon) in all tRNA decoding ANN codons. It plays an essential role in the fidelity of translation through two main functions: (i) it ensures a correct conformation of the anticodon loop; (ii) it enhances codon/anticodon pairing to prevent frameshifting during translation. This nucleoside is universal, found in Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya and also in organites such as mitochondria, which suggests that it appeared early in the evolution, probably before the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). Despite the importance of t6A and its distribution, its biosynthetic pathway has remained unknown for almost 40 years.Recently, genetic studies have shown that two universal proteins, Sua5/YrdC and Kae1/YgjD, are both necessary for synthesis of t6A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. In Bacteria, the in vitro synthesis of t6A requires two other bacterial specific proteins called YeaZ and YjeE. In Archaea and Eukarya, Kae1 (the YgjD orthologue) is a part of a conserved protein complex called KEOPS (for Kinase Endopeptidase and Other Proteins of Small size), with three other proteins Bud32, Cgi121 and Pcc1, that have no bacterial homologues. Since its discovery in 2006 in yeast, this complex has been involved in several cellular processes (telomere homeostasis, genome maintenance, transcription regulation), but its real function remained unclear.Using an in vitro biochemical approach we aimed to characterize and compare the t6A biosynthesis systems from the three domains of life, using as model organisms Pyrococcus abyssi (Archaea) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Eukarya), and Escherichia coli (Bacteria). We have reconstituted for the first time an in vitro system for t6A modification in Archaea and Eukarya, using purified KEOPS and Sua5. This allowed us to propose a model for the catalytic mechanism, and using in vitro complementation experiments we demonstrated that this mechanism is universal: Sua5/YrdC orthologues are interchangeable, and the KEOPS complex is the functional analogue of the bacterial trio YeaZ/YgjD/YjeE. In the second part of this work we have studied the role of each sub unit in the synthesis of t6A. Using KEOPS from P. abyssi as model we demonstrated that Kae1 is the only catalytic component while the three other partners have distinct functions in dimerization, tRNA binding and allosteric regulation. Finally, we have focused on the t6A synthesis in the mitochondria of S.cerevisiae, and shown that Sua5 and Qri7, the mitochondrial orthologue of Kae1/YgjD, catalyze together the synthesis of t6A and so represent a minimal two-component system.Overall these findings shed light on the reaction mechanism of t6A synthesis in the three domains of life, and allowed proposing a scenario concerning the history of the t6A synthesis machinery and its evolution
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