96 research outputs found
Map of Cambodian provinces.
No full textThis map was created with ArcGIS version 10.0 (ESRI; Redlands, CA, USA) specifically for this study by Forrer et al.</p
They get under your skin : Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm distribution, risk profiling, and control in Cambodia
No full textSoil-transmitted helminths (STH) disproportionally affect the poorest and thrive in warm areas where sanitation conditions are poor.
Infection with the threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, is among the most neglected tropical diseases and extremely common in Cambodia. A national control strategy for this parasite has not yet been defined.
The aim of this PhD study was to contribute to the knowledge-base that will guide S. stercoralis control efforts in Cambodia, by documenting post-treatment reinfection risk and morbidity associated with infection, and by estimating the national prevalence of the parasite and assessing its geographical distribution across the country. Secondary objectives included profiling hookworm infection risk in the region, either alone or in concurrence with S. stercoralis.
The study found that about one third of the Cambodian population was infected with S. stercoralis.
Importantly, we found that chemotherapy-based control of S. stercoralis using ivermectin was feasible and highly beneficial, and its impact was enhanced by improved sanitation.
Treatment resolved dermatological and gastrointestinal symptoms in infected patients. The cost of ivermectin in Cambodia currently prevents the roll-out of control programmes.
Ivermectin donation, subsidization, or the production of affordable generics are urgently needed so that control can be implemented without further delay
Lower (A) and upper (B) estimates of predicted <i>S</i>. <i>stercoralis</i> prevalence in Cambodia.
No full textThe lower and upper estimates are the 2.5% CI and the 97.5% CI, respectively. This map was created with ArcGIS version 10.0 (ESRI; Redlands, CA, USA) and display the results obtained specifically from this study by Forrer et al.</p
Map of the predicted prevalence (median) of <i>S</i>. <i>stercoralis</i> in Cambodia.
No full textPredictions were obtained with the geostatistical model shown in Table 3, based on survey data collected in 2016 from 7,246 participants aged 6 years and older, living in 249 villages across Cambodia. This map was created with ArcGIS version 10.0 (ESRI; Redlands, CA, USA) and display the results obtained specifically from this study by Forrer et al.</p
Arkhanka, mon berceau !
No full textThe author is using documents from a personal archive and tells a story based on anecdotes as well as edited memoirs of her mother Nadezhda Reformatskaya . She had the fortune to spend her youth in one of the last small Russian country homes. Lively accounts ofprovincial country life at the beginning ofthe twentieth century give way to dramatic scenes of the conscription to send troops to the frontline of the First World War. The title of the article paraphrases the lines from a poem by A. N. Nekrasov “ On the Volga” (1860).Reformatskaâ Mariâ Aleksandrovna, Groppo Armelle. Arkhanka, mon berceau !. In: Revue Russe n°50, 2018. Miscélanées. La Russie de 1869 à nos jours... pp. 159-177
Map of Cambodia showing observed <i>S</i>. <i>stercoralis</i> prevalence in the 249 study villages.
No full textData were obtained from a 2016 cross-sectional survey of 7,246 participants aged 6 years and older, living in 249 villages across Cambodia. This map was created with ArcGIS version 10.0 (ESRI; Redlands, CA, USA) and displays the results obtained specifically from this study by Forrer et al.</p
La réécriture d'un texte hagiographique au XIIe~siècle~: la Vita sancti Sansonis, de Baudri de Bourgueil
No full textThe Vita sancti Samsonis was written by Baudri de Bourgueil in the first third of the XIIth century, when he was the archibishop of Dol. According to the own introduction of the author, it has been regarded for a long time as a stylistic rewriting without any major interest. However a comparison between the Vita by Baudri and his source, a carolingian text, a closer examination of the way it was written show that this formal and stylistic rewritten work hides deep thought on hagiographic texts function and aims
Risk profiling of hookworm infection and intensity in southern Lao People's Democratic Republic using bayesian models
No full textAmong the common soil-transmitted helminth infections, hookworm causes the highest burden. Previous research in the southern part of Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) revealed high prevalence rates of hookworm infection. The purpose of this study was to predict the spatial distribution of hookworm infection and intensity, and to investigate risk factors in the Champasack province, southern Lao PDR.; A cross-sectional parasitological and questionnaire survey was conducted in 51 villages. Data on demography, socioeconomic status, water, sanitation, and behavior were combined with remotely sensed environmental data. Bayesian mixed effects logistic and negative binomial models were utilized to investigate risk factors and spatial distribution of hookworm infection and intensity, and to make predictions for non-surveyed locations.; A total of 3,371 individuals were examined with duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and revealed a hookworm prevalence of 48.8%. Most infections (91.7%) were of light intensity (1-1,999 eggs/g of stool). Lower hookworm infection levels were associated with higher socioeconomic status. The lowest infection levels were found in preschool-aged children. Overall, females were at lower risk of infection, but women aged 50 years and above harbored the heaviest hookworm infection intensities. Hookworm was widespread in Champasack province with little evidence for spatial clustering. Infection risk was somewhat lower in the lowlands, mostly along the western bank of the Mekong River, while infection intensity was homogeneous across the Champasack province.; Hookworm transmission seems to occur within, rather than between villages in Champasack province. We present spatial risk maps of hookworm infection and intensity, which suggest that control efforts should be intensified in the Champasack province, particularly in mountainous areas
Des normes sociales pour les déplacements de population causés par les grands barrages. France, XXe siècle
No full textWith the passage of time and insights from a number of historical studies it is now possible to take a look back at the way rural populations in France were displaced for the construction of large dams during and after the Second World War. Today, international standards relating to the social implications of dam development projects are imposed on dam builders by both governments and financing institutions. However, in the absence of these international social standards, how did population displacements take place in the past? This paper provides a retrospective look in the light of the current "protection policies" developed by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Retrospective case studies are based on research conducted in the Alps by Virginie Bodon on Tignes and Serre-Ponçon for her doctoral thesis in history (1999) and on the book by D. Varaschin on Tignes. The author uses her own studies on the impact of the large dams of the Upper Dordogne, based on research conducted in departmental and municipal archives and on interviews with those who witnessed the implementation of displacement policies and with their children (1998-2005). The author draws on her experience as an anthropologist for the World Bank to analyse the ways in which these displacements were actually carried out. The forced displacements, euphemistically referred to as "involuntary resettlement" in discourses on development, took on increasing notoriety with the international energy crisis. The dams gave rise to an international debate on their social and environmental impacts, a debate continued by the World Commission on Dams. Today, when financing has again become available for the construction of new dams throughout the world, it seems opportune to provide some insights into the social implications of large dam development projects based on the experience of France, a country that has been, in many respects, one of the most innovative in the implementation of such projects
Ivermectin Treatment and Sanitation Effectively Reduce Strongyloides stercoralis Infection Risk in Rural Communities in Cambodia
No full textBACKGROUND: Strongyloides stercoralis is the only soil-transmitted helminth with the ability to replicate within its host, leading to long-lasting and potentially fatal infections. It is ubiquitous and its worldwide prevalence has recently been estimated to be at least half that of hookworm. Information on the epidemiology of S. stercoralis remains scarce and modalities for its large-scale control are yet to be determined.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A community-based two-year cohort study was conducted among the general population in a rural province in North Cambodia. At each survey, participants infected with S. stercoralis were treated with a single oral dose of ivermectin (200μg/kg BW). Diagnosis was performed using a combination of the Baermann method and Koga agar plate culture on two stool samples. The cohort included participants from eight villages who were either positive or negative for S. stercoralis at baseline. Mixed logistic regression models were employed to assess risk factors for S. stercoralis infection at baseline and re-infection at follow-up. A total of 3,096 participants were examined at baseline, revealing a S. stercoralis prevalence of 33.1%. Of these participants, 1,269 were followed-up over two years. Re-infection and infection rates among positive and negative participants at baseline were 14.4% and 9.6% at the first and 11.0% and 11.5% at the second follow-up, respectively. At follow-up, all age groups were at similar risk of acquiring an infection, while infection risk significantly decreased with increasing village sanitation coverage.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Chemotherapy-based control of S. stercoralis is feasible and highly beneficial, particularly in combination with improved sanitation. The impact of community-based ivermectin treatment on S. stercoralis was high, with over 85% of villagers remaining negative one year after treatment. The integration of S. stercoralis into existing STH control programs should be considered without further delay
- …
