194,164 research outputs found
Data Related to Meta-analysis of up to 622,409 individuals identifies 40 novel smoking behaviour associated genetic loci
No full textHere we have included four sets of meta-analysis results: Meta-analysis of discovery and replication cohorts, combining genotyped Exome-chip and Axiom array content for (i) Smoking Initiation, (ii) Cigarettes per day, and (iii) Smoking Cessation, and (iv) meta-analysis of discovery cohorts for Pack Years.Smoking is a major heritable and modifiable risk factor for many diseases, including cancer, common respiratory disorders and cardiovascular diseases. We tested up to 235,116 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) on the exome-array for association with smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, pack-years, and smoking cessation in a fixed effects meta-analysis of up to 61 studies (up to 346,813 participants). SNV-trait associations with P < 5 × 10−8 in either analysis were taken forward for replication in up to 275,596 independent participants from UK Biobank. Lastly, a meta-analysis of the discovery and replication studies was performed. These novel loci will facilitate understanding the genetic aetiology of smoking behaviour and may lead to the identification of potential drug targets for smoking prevention and/or cessation.GSCAN; Consortium for Genetics of Smoking Behaviour; CHD Exome+ consortium. (2019). Data Related to Meta-analysis of up to 622,409 individuals identifies 40 novel smoking behaviour associated genetic loci. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://doi.org/10.13020/qfwg-tn13
The Health consequences of smoking : a report of the Surgeon General 1972
No full text\u201cSmoking and Health. Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service\u201d was published in 1964. The following documents were subsequently published as reviews of the medical literature as called for by Public Law 89-92.\u2022 \u201cThe Health Consequences of Smoking, A Public Health Service Review : 1967\u201d\u2022 \u201cThe Health Consequences of Smoking, 1968 Supplement to the 1967 PHS Review\u201d\u2022 \u201cThe Health Consequences of Smoking, 1969 Supplement to the 1967 PHS Review\u201dThese documents reviewed the medical literature which had been published since the original Surgeon General\u2019s Report. The format of publishing a supplement to a supplement became unwieldy, particularly in the light of the lack of availability of previous reviews to the general public. Therefore, when P.L. 91-222 was signed into law on April 1, 1970, calling for an 18-month interval between the previous report and the new report, the entire field was reviewed with an emphasis on the most recent additions to the literature. The product of this review was: \u201cThe Health Consequences of Smoking, A Report of the Surgeon General : 1971.\u201dThe present document, \u201cThe Health Consequences of Smoking, A Report of the Surgeon General: 1972,\u201d includes a review of the literature which has been published since the 1971 Report was completed. It also includes an evaluation of the state of knowledge in three areas which have not been previously reviewed in these reports: allergy and tobacco, public exposure to air pollution from tobacco smoke, and harmful constituents of cigarette smoke.The National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health has the responsibility for the continuous monitoring and compilation of the medical literature on the health consequences of smoking and for the preparation of this document.Six times since 1964, the Public Health Serviceh as issued formal reviews of the scient.ific evidence which links cigarette smoking to disease and premature death. Each successive review, including this one, has served to confirm and strengthen the conclusion of the 1964 Report, that cigarettes are a major cause death and disease.In the first three chapters of this report, the relationships between cigarette smoking and cancer, cardiovascular disease, and non-neoplastic bronchopulmonary disease are reviewed and evidence is presented which helps develop our understanding of the mechanisms which are involved in these relationships. In the final three chapters, information is presented on public exposure to air pollution from tobacco, on the relationship between tobacco and allergy, and on the harmful constituents which are found in cigarette smoke.1972704
Smoking during pregnancy and smoking cessation services
No full textThe 2008 UK National Smoking Cessation Conference (UKNSSC) included a number of oral and poster presentations on the theme of smoking during pregnancy. This is a challenging area of research and practice and one in which new evidence - both about the effects of smoking in pregnancy and about smoking cessation interventions - is regularly emerging. Papers at UKNSCC explored why few women access support to stop (Felix Naughton), how best to refer women to specialist services (Joan Braithwaite), social marketing approaches (Deborah Richardson and Wendy Dudley) and physical activity for smoking cessation during pregnancy (Michael Ussher). The conference opened with a plenary presentation that explored the extent of smoking during pregnancy and women's accounts of quit attempts, cessation and relapse. It also examined what more could be done to improve access to stop smoking services for pregnant women and increase the proportion of women who quit. This article reviews some of the evidence presented at UKNSSC, focusing in particular on the need for improved identification, referral, engagement and treatment of pregnant smokers
Risks from smoking
No full textSmoking Can Damage Every Part of the BodyCancers\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Oropharynx\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Larynx\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Esophagus\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Trachea, bronchus, and lung\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Acute myeloid leukemia\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Stomach\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Liver\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Pancreas\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Kidney and ureter\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Cervix\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Bladder\ue2\u20ac\ua2 ColorectalChronic Diseases\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Stroke\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Blindness, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration*\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Congenital defects-maternal smoking: orofacial clefts*\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Periodontitis\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Aortic aneurysm, early abdominal aortic atherosclerosis in young adults\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Coronary heart disease\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Pneumonia\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis,* asthma, and other respiratory effects\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Diabetes*\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Reproductive effects in women (including reduced fertility)\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Hip fractures\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Ectopic pregnancy*\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Male sexual function-erectile dysfunction*\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Rheumatoid arthritis*\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Immune function*\ue2\u20ac\ua2 Overall diminished healthEach condition presented in bold text and followed by an asterisk (*) is a new disease causally linked to smoking in the 2014 Surgeon General\ue2\u20ac\u2122s Report, The Health Consequences of Smoking\ue2\u20ac\u201d50 Years of Progress.Publication date from document properties--created: 1/30/14; modified: 5/9/17he-infographic1.pdf?s_cid=bb-osh-effects-graphic-00
Smoking cessation during pregnancy: the influence of partners, family and friends on quitters and non-quitters
No full textThis research compared pregnant quitters’ and non-quitters’ accounts of how partners, family and friends influenced their smoking cessation attempts. Qualitative secondary data analysis was carried out on a purposive sample of motivational interview transcripts undertaken by research midwives with pregnant women as part of SmokeChange, a smoking cessation intervention. Interviews with all quitters in the intervention group (n = 12) were analysed comparatively with interviews from a matched sample of non-quitters (n = 12).The discourses of both revealed similarity in how their partners, family and friends influenced their cessation efforts: salient others were simultaneously perceived by both groups of women as providing drivers and barriers to quit attempts; close associates who smoked were often perceived to be as supportive as those who did not. However, women who quit smoking during pregnancy talked more about receiving active praise/encouragement than those who did not. While close associates play an important role in women’s attempts to stop smoking during pregnancy, the support they provide varies; further research is needed to develop a better understanding of how key relationships help or hinder cessation during pregnancy
Multiple Independent Loci at Chromosome 15q25.1 Affect Smoking Quantity
No full textRecently, genetic association findings for nicotine dependence, smoking behavior, and smoking-related diseases converged to implicate the chromosome 15q25.1 region, which includes the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 cholinergic nicotinic receptor subunit genes. In particular, association with the nonsynonymous CHRNA5 SNP rs16969968 and correlates has been replicated in several independent studies. Extensive genotyping of this region has suggested additional statistically distinct signals for nicotine dependence, tagged by rs578776 and rs588765. One goal of the Consortium for the Genetic Analysis of Smoking Phenotypes (CGASP) is to elucidate the associations among these markers and dichotomous smoking quantity (heavy versus light smoking), lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We performed a meta-analysis across 34 datasets of European-ancestry subjects, including 38,617 smokers who were assessed for cigarettes-per-day, 7,700 lung cancer cases and 5,914 lung-cancer-free controls (all smokers), and 2,614 COPD cases and 3,568 COPD-free controls (all smokers). We demonstrate statistically independent associations of rs16969968 and rs588765 with smoking (mutually adjusted p-values < 10(-35) and < 10(-8) respectively). Because the risk alleles at these loci are negatively correlated, their association with smoking is stronger in the joint model than when each SNP is analyzed alone. Rs578776 also demonstrates association with smoking after adjustment for rs16969968 (p < 10(-6)). In models adjusting for cigarettes-per-day, we confirm the association between rs16969968 and lung cancer (p < 10(-20)) and observe a nominally significant association with COPD (p = 0.01); the other loci are not significantly associated with either lung cancer or COPD after adjusting for rs16969968. This study provides strong evidence that multiple statistically distinct loci in this region affect smoking behavior. This study is also the first report of association between rs588765 (and correlates) and smoking that achieves genome-wide significance; these SNPs have previously been associated with mRNA levels of CHRNA5 in brain and lung tissue
Smoking and health in the Americas : a 1992 report of the Surgeon General, in collaboration with the Pan American Health Organization : at a glance
No full textThe 1992 report of the Surgeon General, the twenty-second in a series of reports on smoking and health, reviews in depth the multifaceted problems of smoking and health in North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean. The report, which was produced in collaboration with the Pan American Health Organization, looks at historical, social, economic, and regulatory aspects of smoking.1992706
Smoking and health in the Americas : a 1992 report of the Surgeon General, in collaboration with the Pan American Health Organization
No full textSuggested citation: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Smoking and Health in the Americas. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1992; DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 92-8419.1992706
Influence of family and friend smoking on intentions to smoke and smoking-related attitudes and refusal self-efficacy among 9-10 year old children from deprived neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional study.
No full textBACKGROUND: Smoking often starts in early adolescence and addiction can occur rapidly. For effective smoking prevention there is a need to identify at risk groups of preadolescent children and whether gender-specific intervention components are necessary. This study aimed to examine associations between mother, father, sibling and friend smoking and cognitive vulnerability to smoking among preadolescent children living in deprived neighbourhoods. METHODS: Cross-sectional data was collected from 9-10 year old children (n =1143; 50.7% girls; 85.6% White British) from 43 primary schools in Merseyside, England. Children completed a questionnaire that assessed their smoking-related behaviour, intentions, attitudes, and refusal self-efficacy, as well as parent, sibling and friend smoking. Data for boys and girls were analysed separately using multilevel linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for individual cognitions and school and deprivation level. RESULTS: Compared to girls, boys had lower non-smoking intentions (P = 0.02), refusal self-efficacy (P = 0.04) and were less likely to agree that smoking is 'definitely' bad for health (P < 0.01). Friend smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) and boys (P < 0.01), and with refusal self-efficacy in girls (P < 0.01). Sibling smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) but a positive association was found in boys (P = 0.02). Boys who had a smoking friend were less likely to 'definitely' believe that the smoke from other people's cigarettes is harmful (OR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.91, P = 0.02). Further, boys with a smoking friend (OR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.69, P < 0.01) or a smoking sibling (OR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.98) were less likely to 'definitely' believe that smoking is bad for health. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that sibling and friend smoking may represent important influences on 9-10 year old children's cognitive vulnerability toward smoking. Whilst some differential findings by gender were observed, these may not be sufficient to warrant separate prevention interventions. However, further research is needed
Smoking cessation : a report of the Surgeon General
No full textTobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS] 2014). Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body and costs the United States billions of dollars in direct medical costs each year (USDHHS 2014). Although considerable progress has been made in reducing cigarette smoking since the first U.S. Surgeon General\u2019s report was released in 1964 (USDHHS 2014), in 2018, 13.7% of U.S. adults (34.2 million people) were still current cigarette smokers (Creamer et al. 2019). One of the main reasons smokers keep smoking is nicotine (USDHHS 1988). Nicotine, a drug found naturally in the tobacco plant, is highly addictive, as with such drugs as cocaine and heroin; acti- vates the brain\u2019s reward circuits; and reinforces repeated nicotine exposure (USDHHS 1988, 2010, 2014; National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA] 2018).The majority of cigarette smokers (68%) want to quit smoking completely (Babb et al. 2017). The 1990 Surgeon General\u2019s report, The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation, was the last Surgeon General\u2019s report to focus on cur- rent research on smoking cessation and to predominantly review the health benefits of quitting smoking (USDHHS 1990). Because of limited data at that time, the 1990 report did not review the determinants, processes, or outcomes of attempts at smoking cessation. Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation was not introduced until the 1980s. Additionally, behavioral and other counseling approaches were slow to develop and not widely available at the time of the 1990 report because few were covered under health insurance, and programs such as group counseling ses- sions were hard for smokers to access, even by those who were motivated to quit (Fiore et al. 1990).The purpose of this report is to update and expand the 1990 Surgeon General\u2019s report based on new scien- tific evidence about smoking cessation. Since 1990, the scientific literature has expanded greatly on the deter- minants and processes of smoking cessation, informing the development of interventions that promote cessa- tion and help smokers quit (Fiore et al. 2008; Schlam and Baker 2013). This knowledge and other major develop- ments have transformed the landscape of smoking ces- sation in the United States. This report summarizes this enhanced knowledge and specifically reviews patterns and trends of smoking cessation; biologic mechanisms; various health benefits; overall morbidity, mortality, and economic benefits; interventions; and strategies that pro- mote smoking cessation.Suggested citation: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Smoking Cessation. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2020.2020-cessation-sgr-full-report.pd
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