1,721,007 research outputs found
Money in Taiwanese Politics: A Historical Analysis of Taiwanese Campaign Finance Law
No full textThesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2017Since the establishment of the modern system of government and the dichotomizing of public and private interests, the issue of combatting political corruption, and the question of public office being abused for private/personal use, have become significant challenges for rulers seeking to ensure the public interest while also maintaining their legitimacy. As a young democratic nation, Taiwan is no exception. Under the shadow of colonial and authoritarian rule and the uneven path to democracy, money has played a unique role in Taiwanese politics. While the Taiwanese legislature enacted the Political Donation Act (PDA) of 2004, mainly reflecting the U.S. and Japanese campaign finance law models, the legislative efforts have seemed slight. This dissertation argues the situation has arisen because Taiwanese legislators and reformers underestimated two main factors on the demand side of the campaign finance: the value of transparency and the role of clientelism. This dissertation has adopted the approach of historical institutionalism, on the one hand, vertically analyzing the evolution of mandatory report/ disclosure rules and their interaction with clientelism in four eras: the Japanese colonial rule era (1935-1945), the ROC-KMT rule era (1945-1991), the democratic era (1991-2004), and the PDA era (2004-present). Also, this dissertation undertakes a comparative analysis of the texts, legislative means and ends of mandatory report/ disclosure rules between the host jurisdiction, Taiwan, and the donor jurisdiction, Japan, and the US. From 1895, the Empire of Japan established a colonial regime in Taiwan. The Government-General of Taiwan (GGT) did not hold local congress elections until 1935. To control the social order and electoral outcome, the GGT enacted election laws, mainly extending from Japan, authorizing the police to monitor campaign activities and finance closely. The GGT cooperated with local elites via exchanging interests and suppression of the dissent. As a result, the racial minority regime, the GGT, controlled the majority. The election of 1935 marked the start of election and electoral clientelism in Taiwan. After World War II, the Republic of China (ROC), dominated by the ruling party, the Kuomintang (KMT), took over Taiwan. The ROC called a general election in 1946 and extended its election laws from China to Taiwan. After the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, the Temporary Provisions During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion (temporary provisions) were enacted in 1948, suspending all elections. In 1949, the ROC moved its central government to Taiwan, transforming Taiwan from an extended territory to a de facto nation. The ROC suspended elections at the central government level but opened the local assembly elections to gain support from local factions by distributing interests. Without an effective regime to regulate and monitor campaign finance, the arbitrary enforcement granted advantage to obedient local factions over the opposition. As a result, the ethnic minority regime, the ROC-KMT, controlled the majority in each level of local congress; and electoral clientelism took root in Taiwanese society. With the end of the temporary provisions, the ROC reopened elections at all levels in 1991. Given the rise of electoral competitiveness, electoral clientelism boomed. In response to the people’s outrage, the PDA, a milestone in campaign finance law, was enacted in 2004. Nonetheless, the effects of PDA have been slight. This dissertation contends that sunlight is the best of disinfectants. The appropriate financial disclosure rules could increase political accountability, suppress clientelism, and lay the bedrock of a cleaner form of government. As the value of transparency spreads among Taiwanese people, a broader disclosure of campaign finance represents the essential destination for reform
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Forces Driving and Shaping Legal Training Reform in Japan
Get PDFAfter canvassing the history of, and rationale for, legal training reform, the article examines the recommendations of the Justice System Reform Council. It then examines some of the forces that led to the reforms; some of those forces that helped shape the reforms; and the major aspects of the reforms themselves. The second half of the article undertakes an initial assessment of the first year of operation of the new system, focusing on the University of Tokyo, and based upon the author\u27s first-hand experience
The Drafting Process for Cabinet Bills
Get PDFI have undertaken this article in hope that it may be of some help in promoting public understanding of the actual manner of review by the Cabinet Legislation Bureau-one step in the drafting process for legislation introduced by the Cabinet-and of the diligent efforts of the r��presentatives of the various ministries with whom we regularly come into contact. It goes without saying that the views and explanations contained herein, along with any inadequacies or inaccuracies in this account, are solely the responsibility of this author
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