139,095 research outputs found
Font tuning : a review and new experimental evidence.
No full textThis paper reflects on the kinds of evidence able to confirm that letter and word identification in reading can be supported by encoding the underlying visual structure of the text, and specifically by deriving structural descriptions for letters. It is proposed that structure-driven processes are intimately linked to the implementation of font-specific rules for translating visual features into elements of a letter’s structural description. Evidence for such font tuning comes from studies exploring the impact of font-mixing on reading fluency, and from studies showing how the benefits of experience with a novel typeface can generalise to letters that have yet to be seen in the typeface. After reviewing this evidence, three new experiments are reported which explore font tuning in the context of the lexical decision task. The time course of font tuning, which is monitored by changing the time interval between successive test stimuli, is shown to be sensitive to the overall probability with which successive stimuli appear in the same typeface. In addition, font tuning is shown to reflect item-by-item fluctuations in this probability. Finally, the effects of font-switching are shown to generalise beyond the particular letters present in the text, and to be confined to 1-back transitions. It is concluded that font tuning reflects the implementation of a set of font-specific translation rules held in working memory, and is moderated by the reader’s implicit knowledge of the constraints present in the sequencing of successive portions of text
The Optimum Font Size and Type for Students Aged 9-12 Reading Arabic Characters on Screen: A Case Study
No full textMore and more, interest in the way data is displayed on screen has increased, especially with the increase in the number of people using e-text for learning purposes. So, this requires more focus on factors that affect screen legibility. Text display factors, such as font size, line length and font type, have an impact on reading online. Two font types [Arabic Traditional and Simplified Arabic] in four different sizes [10, 14, 16 and 18] are measured using Arabic text. On-line processes were measured using reading –aloud technique. Accuracy of reading was also measured by the average of errors that students made when reading the text, while reading speed was tested by the time it took students to read the text. However, results indicated that Arabic text in font size 10 is not readable to students aged 10 to 12. On the other hand, font sizes sixteen and eighteen are more readable than any smaller-sized font, the averages of error size 18 improve in all font types, while age has a significant impact on reading speed. Simplified Arabic font is reported as readable to students aged 10-12, especially in sizes 14 and 18
<span style="font-size:21.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;color:black">Coenzyme B<sub>12</sub><span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black"> <span style="font-size:21.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;color:black">model studies: Equilibria and kinetics of axial ligation of alkyl(aquo)cobaloximes by N donor ligands </span></span></span>
No full text678-686Equilibria and
kinetics of the reaction of trifluoroethyl(aquo)cobaloxime and
iodomethyl(aquo)cobaloxime with
histamine,
histidine, glycine and ethyl glycine ester have been studied as a function of pH at 25°C, 1.0M KCI ionic
strength by spectrophotometry technique. Comparison of equilibrium constants
and rate constants indicates that the order is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">KHisn>KHiamn>
KGly>KGiyest· <span style="font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;color:black">The rate of substitution of H2O
varies with the <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
8.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black">pKa <span style="font-size:
15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;color:black">of the incoming ligand
establishing the existence of nucleophilic participation of the ligand in the
transition state. The rate constants and equilibrium constants are
correlated to the hardness
and softness of the ligands and Co(III) of cobaloxime.
Triflouroethyl(aquo)cobaloxime forms more stable complexes than
iodomethyl(aquo)cobaloxime.</span
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">Chemical constituents and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) inducer activity of <i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-GB">Teucrium</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold" lang="EN-GB"> <i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-GB">oliverianum</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold" lang="EN-GB"> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-GB">Ging. ex Benth.</span></span></span></span>
No full text232-236<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:="" en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">The aqueous
methanolic extract of Teucrium oliverianum was partitioned with
different solvent systems with increasing polarities. The phytochemical
investigation of the CHCl3 fraction led to the isolation of six
compounds. The structures of the compounds were determined by NMR
co-chromatographic TLC and found to be: 8-O-acetylharpagide 1, 12-O-methylteucrolin
A 2, teucrolivin A 3, eupatorin 4, teucrolivin B 5 and 24 (S)-stigmasta-5, 22, 25-trin-3β<span style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;="" mso-ansi-language:pt-br;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="PT-BR">-ol
6<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:="" en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">. The total extract
and the isolated compounds were tested for their ability to induce the
cytoprotective enzyme NAD (P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1). Among the
purified compounds, the diterpenoid, teucrolivin B 5 was the only one which was
able to induce NQO1 by more than 2-fold, whereas the flavonoid eupatorin 4 was
the most potent inducer, increasing the NQO1 specific activity by 1.75-fold at
a concentration of 25 µg/ml. Compounds 2, 3 and 6 were essentially inactive,
indicating that compounds 1, 4 and 5 are the main contributors to the NQO1
inducer activity of the total extract.</span
Prescribing by mental health nurses: the UK perspective
No full textPURPOSE. This article aims to discuss the growth of mental health nurse (MHN) prescribing in the United Kingdom as an exemplar for readers to compare progress in their own countries and context. This study also aims to provide a historical overview of this process in the United Kingdom where MHNs prescribe safely and competently.
CONCLUSIONS. Finally, evidence has shown that MHNs with prescriptive authority are competent when prescribing when compared to psychiatrists.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Despite organizational barriers and educational concerns, MHN prescribing is becoming embedded in the healthcare context in the United Kingdo
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB">Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Hemionitis arifolia </i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal; mso-ansi-language:PT-BR;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" lang="PT-BR">(Burm.) <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">Moore</span></span></span>
No full text9-13<span style="font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:mangal;mso-ansi-language:pt-br;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="PT-BR">Hemionitis arifolia
(Burm.) <span style="font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:hi;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="" lang="EN-GB">Moore of family Hemionitidaceae is
one of the endemic and widely distributed species on Tirumala hills of
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnomedicinally, the genus
is important and popularly known as Ramabanum. It has been used in burns,
menstrual disorders, anti-flatulence and antifertility.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold"> Eight different organic solvents
were used to extract the bioactive compounds from the whole plant to screen the
phytochemical and antibacterial activity against infectious disease causing
bacterial pathogens such as Enterobacter
aerogens, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Salmonella paratyphi A, Ralstonia eutropha,
Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi B, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sphericus, Bacillus sterothermophilus and Micrococcus luteus<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold">by agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening showed the
presence of flavonoid, steroids and glycosides along with reducing sugar in all
the extracts investigated. Gram-negative
bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi
A and Enterobacter aerogens were
more susceptible to the crude extracts than Gram-positive bacteria. Hence, at
any rate Hemionitis arifolia is an
attractive material for further research leading to possible drug development.</span
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">Efficacy of <i>yoga</i> in mild to moderate persistent chronic bronchial asthma</span>
No full text337-340<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:="" en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">The Global Initiative
for asthma guidelines defined asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder
characterized by reversible airways obstruction and airways
hyper-responsiveness. It is a chronic disease that cannot be cured but
medicines and life style changes can help to control these symptoms. Now, GINA
(Global Initiative for Asthma) has also considered breathing technique (buteyko)
is helpful in controlling asthma. <span style="font-size:
11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;="" mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-GB">Yoga is one of the methods to increase muscular efficiency,
endurance time and aerobic capacity, and can reduce perceived exertion after
exercise. <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:="" en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">There are so many
researches done in the field of asthma and many more review articles have
presented the current situation of the disease but none of the review articles
found in the field of yoga and asthma. A number of studies examine the benefits of yoga
practice which help to manage asthma. People incorporating holistic program of asana,
pranayama and meditation, had fewer weekly asthma attacks, improved
breathing and better response to their medication. Finding of this review suggests that the regular
practice of yoga can improve the quality of life of the patients with
improvement in pulmonary functions. Therefore, Yoga<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"> is an effective tool in the management of asthma. </span
<i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN">In vitro</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN"> degradation of cell-wall and digestibility of cereal straws treated with anaerobic ruminal fungi</span>
No full text636-638<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-IN">Ruminal
fungal isolates (Orpinomyces sp. ; C-14, Piromyces sp. ; C-15 , Orpinomyces
sp.; B-13 and Anaeromyces sp.; B-6), were evaluated under anoxic
conditions for their effect on in vitro dry matter digestibility, neutral
detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent li gnin using rice and
wheat straw as substrate. There was no significant effect of the fungal
isolates on the disappearance of the substrates along with rumen liquor when compared
to control. The doses of 106 cfu/ ml of the isolate were found to
have maximum degradation of straws in comparison to the doses of 103
cfu/ml.</span
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