1,721,030 research outputs found
Alcohol and Remembering Rape: Setting the Scene
No full textVictims of rape were often alcohol intoxicated during the attack. Complainant alcohol intoxication negatively impacts case processing at every stage of the legal system. There is no guidance around the world to inform investigators as to how to interview victims and witnesses who were acutely intoxicated when they witnessed the crime. This book reviews the evidence base on the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on remembering rape to inform much-needed guidance on interviewing rape complainants who were alcohol intoxicated during the attack. In this chapter, we set the scene by examining the wider cultural, societal and legal factors pertaining to alcohol-related rape, using England and Wales as a case study.</p
Impact of Alcohol on Memory: A Systematic Review
Full text linkThis chapter reviews the literature in psychology on acute alcohol intoxication and memory. Special emphasis is placed on empirical studies that have systematically examined alcohol’s effects on memory performance in forensic contexts. Three aspects of memory performance are considered, including memory accuracy (i.e. the ability of the complainant to accurately distinguish between correct and incorrect information about the crime), memory reliability (i.e. the probability that information recalled by the complainant at a given level of certainty is correct), and completeness (i.e. the quantity of information reported by the complainant). The review also documents the major theoretical perspectives on memory and acute alcohol intoxication. A total of 19 studies are reviewed. The results show that different memory performance measures are relevant depending on whether we are policy makers formulating interview guidance or decision makers evaluating the strength of memory evidence in a given case. Overall, the research to date indicates that acute alcohol intoxication during rape affects the completeness, but not the accuracy and reliability of what is remembered
A Review of Existing Interview Guidance
No full textThis chapter examines the existing interviewing-guidelines from around the world pertaining to interviewing victims in sexual violence investigations. We note that there is a dearth of guidance that deals explicitly with the issue of interviewing complainants who were alcohol intoxicated at the time of the assault, let alone evidence-based guidance. Furthermore, we found that the limited guidance that does consider the topic does so on a superficial level, is not based on scientific evidence, and is worded in a manner that may problematically reinforce stereotypes, even if unwittingly.</p
Recommendations for Practice
No full textIn this chapter, we discuss the implications of the research presented in earlier chapters for interviews with complainants who were alcohol intoxicated during the crime. We set out evidence-based guidance about alcohol and memory in rape and other serious sexual offences to assist policy and decision makers. On the basis of mounting scientific evidence, it is becoming clear that the legal system must focus on instituting procedures that increase the accuracy of eyewitness and victim memory reports, and enable decision makers to better assess memory reliability. Miscarriages of justice result when there is inadequate evidence-based policy and guidance for gathering and protecting memory evidence. This is particularly pronounced in investigating and prosecuting rape and other serious sexual offences, where myths abound about alcohol, credibility, and memory.</p
Oculomotor examination of the weapon focus effect: does a gun automatically engage visual attention?
Full text linkA person is less likely to be accurately remembered if they appear in a visual scene with a gun, a result that has been termed the weapon focus effect (WFE). Explanations of the WFE argue that weapons engage attention because they are unusual and/or threatening, which causes encoding deficits for the other items in the visual scene. Previous WFE research has always embedded the weapon and nonweapon objects within a larger context that provides information about an actor's intention to use the object. As such, it is currently unknown whether a gun automatically engages attention to a greater extent than other objects independent of the context in which it is presente
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Eyewitness Identification from a Different Angle:Developing a 3D Interactive Lineup System
Full text linkVariations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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