1,720,962 research outputs found
Surveillance of nosocomial infections and antibiotic consumption at a maternity hospital and neonatal intensive care unit
No full textThe impact of healthcare–associated infections (HAIs) is significant since they increase mortality and morbidity, prolong hospital stay, enhance resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics and add economical burden. The medical community all over the world is trying to create and implement infection control programs. The aim of the present study, conducted in a 314-bed maternity hospital, was to measure the infection rates and the consumption of antibiotics as well as to develop and implement an infection control manual in a maternity hospital with a neonate Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The measurement of antibiotic use in the hospital was conducted from 2005 to 2007. Pharmacy consumption data of systemic antibiotic were processed by the Defined Daily Doses methodology (DDDs per 1000 occupied bed-days) for the 6 Ob-Gyn clinics. The surveillance of HAIs enrolled patients hospitalized for more than 24h in the Ob-Gyn clinics, NICU the pediatric surgery clinic during one month in 2008. Two questionnaires were used, one for the adults and one for the neonates and the pediatric patients. The infection control manual was written according to the CDC guidelines and it was distributed to the personnel by the infection control nurse through educational seminars. Total hospital antibiotic use increased from 7015,7DDDs to 9336,6DDDs (not statistically significant, p=0,559), while there was no increase in patient admissions (13.000/year). Cephalosporins had the highest use (p>0,05). Carbapenemes (p=0,0001), sulfonamides (p=0,022) and glycopeptides (p=0,022) increased. Aminoglycoside use was constant throughout the years. Two clinics used no sulfonamides while one had no quinolones use. The results were used for the implementation of a guided antibiotic policy in order to improve medical treatment and establish a hospital database. Among Ob-Gyn patients 16 HAIs were recognized during hospitalization and 14 HAIs after patients’ discharge; the overall prevalence of infected patients was 2.9% and the prevalence of HAIs was 3.2%. Among NICU patients, the prevalence of HAIs was 3.9%. The infection control manual included guidelines about: hand hygiene, medical gloves, scrubs and masks, medical sharps and waste, decontamination of instruments and the environment, infections that after exposal to them a health-care worker must receive chemoprophylaxis, management of exposure to HIV, HBV, HCV, immunization practices, care of intravascular devices and catheter insertion and patients’ isolation policy. Our study can be the basis for implementing the infection control manual that we propose not only to a maternity hospital but to all hospitals after the necessary modifications. Maternity hospitals should mandate the presence of an IC committee to oversee and coordinate IC practices through dissemination of information, surveillance activities, investigation, antibiotic stewardship, prevention and control of HAIs.Oι νοσοκομειακές λοιμώξεις έχουν δυσμενείς επιπτώσεις αυξάνοντας τη θνητότητα, τη θνησιμότητα, τη διάρκεια και το κόστος νοσηλείας καθώς και τη χρήση των αντιβιοτικών, ενισχύοντας την εμφάνιση πολυανθεκτικών στελεχών μικροβίων. Παγκόσμια είναι πλέον η προσπάθεια του ιατρικού κόσμου για εφαρμογή ολοκληρωμένων προγραμμάτων με μέτρα ελέγχου των λοιμώξεων. Ο στόχος της παρούσης διδακτορικής διατριβής, που διενεργήθηκε σε μαιευτήριο δυναμικότητας 314 κλινών, είναι καταγραφή της συχνότητας των νοσοκομειακών λοιμώξεων και της κατανάλωσης των αντιβιοτικών και η δημιουργία ενός εγχειριδίου με μέτρα ελέγχου των λοιμώξεων για μαιευτήριο με Μονάδα Εντατικής Θεραπείας (ΜΕΘ) νεογνών. Η καταγραφή της κατανάλωσης αντιβιοτικών αφορά τα έτη 2005-2007. Τα δεδομένα της κατανάλωσης εκφράστηκαν σε μονάδες Daily Defined Doses/1000 occupied bed-days για τις 6 γυναικολογικές-μαιευτικές κλινικές. Η επιτήρηση των νοσοκομειακών λοιμώξεων συμπεριέλαβε τους ασθενείς που νοσηλεύτηκαν για περισσότερο από 24 ώρες κατά τη διάρκεια ενός μηνός το 2008 στις μαιευτικές-γυναικολογικές κλινικές, στη ΜΕΘ νεογνών και στην παιδοχειρουργική κλινική. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δύο πρωτόκολλα καταγραφής, ένα για τις ενήλικες ασθενείς και ένα για τα νεογνά και τους παιδοχειρουργικούς ασθενείς. Η συγγραφή του εγχειριδίου ελέγχου λοιμώξεων βασίστηκε στις κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες του CDC. Διανεμήθηκε στο προσωπικό από τη νοσηλεύτρια ελέγχου λοιμώξεων μέσω εκπαιδευτικών σεμιναρίων. Η συνολική κατανάλωση των αντιβιοτικών αυξήθηκε από 7015,7DDDs σε 9336,6DDDs (χωρίς στατιστικά σημαντική διαφορά, p=0,059), με σταθερό τον αριθμό των εισαγωγών. Οι κεφαλοσπορίνες είχαν την υψηλότερη κατανάλωση (p>0,05). Η κατανάλωση των καρβαπενεμών (p=0,0001), των σουλφοναμιδών (p=0,022) και των γλυκοπεπτιδίων (p=0,022) αυξήθηκε. Η χρήση των αμινογλυκοσιδών παρέμεινε διαρκής και στα 3 έτη. Δύο κλινικές δε χρησιμοποίησαν καθόλου σουλφοναμίδες και μια κλινική δε χορήγησε καθόλου κινολόνες. Τα αποτελέσματα αξιοποιήθηκαν με σκοπό να εφαρμοστούν μέτρα στρατηγικής χρήσης των αντιβιοτικών για τη βελτίωση της παρεχόμενης φαρμακευτικής αγωγής και για τη δημιουργία βάσης δεδομένων. Στους γυναικολογικούς-μαιευτικούς ασθενείς εντοπίστηκαν 16 λοιμώξεις κατά τη νοσηλεία τους και 14 λοιμώξεις μετά το εξιτήριο. Το ποσοστό των προσβεβλημένων ασθενών ήταν 2,9% και το ποσοστό των λοιμώξεων 3,2%. Στη ΜΕΘ νεογνών το ποσοστό των λοιμώξεων ήταν 3,9%. Το εγχειρίδιο περιλαμβάνει κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες για την υγιεινή των χεριών, τη χρήση γαντιών, τους κανόνες απομόνωσης ασθενών, τον εμβολιασμό του προσωπικού, τη χημειοπροφύλαξη του προσωπικού σε περιπτώσεις ατυχημάτων, τη διαχείριση των μολυσματικών και των αιχμηρών αντικειμένων, την αποστείρωση εξοπλισμού και περιβάλλοντος και τη φροντίδα κεντρικών και περιφερικών γραμμών. Δεδομένου ότι η οργάνωση προγραμμάτων ελέγχου των νοσοκομειακών λοιμώξεων σε κάθε νοσηλευτικό ίδρυμα της χώρας αποτελεί πλέον επιτακτική ανάγκη, η παρούσα διατριβή αποτελεί βάση για την εφαρμογή του προτεινόμενου εγχειριδίου τόσο σε ένα μαιευτήριο όσο και στα υπόλοιπα νοσοκομεία κατόπιν των απαιτούμενων τροποποιήσεων
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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