1,721,057 research outputs found
Feeding the Preterm Neonate with Intrauterine Growth RestrictionNutrition for the Preterm Neonate
No full textIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the failure to achieve the ge2
netically predetermined growth potential and may be caused by fetal, maternal,
3 placental, and external factors. IUGR is associated with significant perinatal mortal4
ity and morbidity and adverse long-term outcomes, in preterm, especially extremely
5 preterm infants with gestation under 28 weeks at birth. Optimal enteral feeding is
6 crucial in this population as suboptimal nutrition during a critical phase of postnatal
7 life is associated with a negative impact on long term neurodevelopment. However
8 enteral nutrition is a difficult issue in these infants considering the adverse effects of
9 chronic hypoxia on the fetal gastrointestinal tract, and the inherent susceptibility of
10 this high-risk population to a potentially devastating illness such as necrotising en11
terocolitis (NEC). Signs of feed intolerance such as abdominal distension, large/bile
12 stained gastric residuals are almost universal in the first week or two in extremely
13 preterm IUGR infants and are difficult to differentiate from early NEC. This is also
14 the period when suboptimal nutrition constitutes a nutritional emergency. Animal
15 data associate IUGR with reduced intestinal weight (proportionate to body weight),
16 length and wall thickness, and reduced villous height and crypt depth at the micro17
scopic level. Initial observations on a distinct gut colonization pattern may also be
18 relevant to the specific health hazards in this population. This chapter reviews the
19 current strategies for enteral feeding, and the potential long term adverse effects of
20 catch up growth (e.g., increased risk of obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus)
21 in the preterm infant with IUGR
Increased Exposure to Violence and Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children
No full textExposure of children and adolescents to violence has
significant short and long-term consequences in terms
of academic, social, physical, and psychological functioning.1,2 The relationship of exposure to traumatic events,
including various forms of violence, with depression, anger,
anxiety, dissociation, posttraumatic stress, and total trauma
symptoms has been widely debated.1-3 It is largely accepted
that adverse early life experiences and abusive events suffered
during childhood can cause profound effects on the development and function of the nervous system and increase the
risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.4 Studies investigating
the relationship between various types of neurodevelopmental disorders and exposure to violence and their consequences
have been inconclusive.3
The alarming phenomenon of family and domestic
violence has increased significantly during the COVID-19
pandemic.5 Several studies have documented a surge in
abuse-related physical and nonphysical trauma in children
during this period.6 Similar observations have been made after periods of economic decline or turbulence.7
This commentary, authored by the Working Group on
Social Pediatrics of the European Paediatric Association/
Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations (EPA/UNEPSA), briefly discusses the important
relationship between the occurrence of traumatic events,
particularly violence, and neurodevelopmental disorders in
children. Our aim is to raise awareness of these circumstances, which may occur during or following periods of
social turmoil, as in the case of the 2009 economic crisis8,9
and the COVID-19 pandemic,10 and expose children to
the risks of serious immediate and long-term effects on their
health and well-being
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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