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Canadian preschooler’s trajectories of screen use and their association with executive functioning at age 5.
No full textChild executive functions are mental processes that play a central role in their ability to plan and organize their thinking and behavior. Preschooler executive function skills are key determinants of school readiness and later academic outcomes. Across the early childhood years, these skills evolve rapidly. Although maturation plays a role, the quality of children’s early learning experiences also contributes to the development of executive functions. Too much screen time in early childhood has been cross-sectionally linked to lower executive functioning skills. Other research using brain imaging has found that child screen is linked to brain development, particularly in areas responsible for executive functioning. Limited research has examined longitudinal associations between patterns of young children’s screen use and their executive function skills. The objective of the present study is to estimate how child screen use trajectories between the ages of 3 and 5 contribute to the development of executive function skills at age 5. Data are from 315 preschoolers from Nova Scotia, Canada studied at three time points longitudinally during the Covid-19 pandemic. Study measures were collected remotely in the Spring/summer of 2020 and 2021. In the summer of 2022, home visits were conducted to directly assess child executive function skills. Screen time was measured using parent reported child hours/day of screen time (TV/DVDs, computers, video games consoles, tablets, and smartphones) at the ages of 3,4, and 5. Child executive function was measured at age 5 using the National Institute of Health Toolbox, which provides validated, and age-normed assessments of the inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility domains. Covariates measured at age 3 include child sex and effortful control as well as parent education and stress. Using latent growth modelling we identified a low (mean=.9 hrs/day, 23%), medium (mean=3.0 hrs/day, 56%), and high (mean=6.38 hrs/day, 21%) screen time trajectory. This three-group model had a significant LMR P-value and had a lower BIC value than a 2 or 4 class solution. Multiple regressions adjusted for covariates revealed that children in the low (ß =.28) and medium (ß =.20) screen time trajectories scored significantly higher on inhibitory control. Children in the low screen use trajectory group also scored higher than children in the high trajectory group on cognitive flexibility (ß =.28). Our results suggest that helping children follow the pediatric recommendation of spending a maximum of 1 hour per day using screens, may help them develop stronger executive function skills
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Associations Between Preschooler Screen Time Trajectories and Executive Function
No full textOBJECTIVE:To examine associations between preschooler screen time trajectories and executive functions and effortful control at age 5. METHODS:Prospective, community-based convenience sample of 315 parents of preschoolers (54% male), studied at the ages of 3.5 (2020), 4.5 (2021), and 5.5 (2022). Parent-re
ported screen use at the ages of 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 was used to estimate preschooler screen use trajectories. Using latent growth modeling, we identified low (mean=.9h/d, 23%), medium (mean=3.0h/d, 56%), and high (mean=6.38h/d, 21%) screen time groups. Children completed assessments of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility at age 5.5. Both tasks are from the National Institute of Health Toolbox. Parents reported child effortful control at the age of 3.5 and 5.5 using the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire, educational attainment, and parenting stress. RESULTS:Children in the average (b=−5.24) and high (b=.9.30) screen time trajectories scored significantly lower on inhibitory control than those in the low screen time group. Children in the average and high screen time groups also scored higher than children in the low screen time group on cognitive flexibility (b=−4.50) and (b=−10.12),
tively. Finally, children in the average and high screen time groups scored lower than children in the low screen time groups on effortful control (b=−.41) and (b=−.61),
spectively. CONCLUSIONS:The present study shows that stability in high levels of screen use is common among preschoolers and may forecast higher risk of cognitive difficulty and lower levels of cognitive control by the time of school entry. SUMMARY:High levels of preschooler screen use were
ciated with lower scores on assessments of inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and effortful control
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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