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Impacts of E-bike Ownership on Travel Behavior: Evidence from three Northern California rebate programs
Full text linkE-bike incentive programs are being utilized across the United States to encourage the adoption of active transportation. This study assesses the impacts of three e-bike rebate programs in Northern California using survey results by the three agencies that administered the programs. Through this research, I answer three research questions: “How has e-bike ownership impacted the mode choices, trip purpose, and travel frequency of new adopters”, “How much do e-bike rebate recipients reduce their transportation-related GHG emission?”, and “How did the design of each program impact who was able to participate and the program outcomes?”. To answer these questions, we explored survey responses through descriptive statistics and undertook an estimation of GHG emissions reductions. I decided against more complex data analysis given data quality issues that arose during the cleaning process. Despite that, our analysis revealed changes in travel behavior, car travel replacement, the impact of program designs, and various equity impacts. E-bike recipients reported more regular bike use after getting their e-bike, although their frequency of bicycle use began to decline in the long-term while remaining above previous rates. Respondents also reported high rates of occasional car trip replacement (1-3 times per week and 1-3 times per month), indicating that e-bikes substituted occasional car trips. While there was evidence of regular car trip replacement, the vast majority of e-bike use in our sample was for recreational travel. Given that this data was collected during the COVID-19 pandemic when many restrictions were still in place, these high rates of reported recreational travel were unsurprising. Our GHG reduction analysis estimated a monthly diversion of 12-44 kilograms of CO2 per rebate participant, similar to the GHG emissions reductions observed in other research. We conclude with an equity analysis that explores how program design influenced who participated in these rebate programs. This found that low-income requirements successfully target those with the most need for financial assistance. However, these requirements do not help meet other equity metrics (a just age, gender, racial, and ethnic distribution) by association
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Incentive-based Approach to Rebalancing a Dock-less E-Bike-Share System for Sustainability
Full text linkThe spatial mismatch between demand and supply over time is a significant concern in a bike-share service. One primary strategy to fill the mismatch is to rebalance a shared bike fleet by vans or trucks. The more vans operators use to meet the demand, the more vehicle miles traveled (VMT) the system produces, offsetting the VMT reduction benefit that was at least a part of the motivation for the city to authorize the service. Another approach to the problem is an incentive-based approach to rebalancing a fleet. This approach incentivizes users to walk farther to get a bike from the oversupplied area (origin-based incentives) or to take a bike to the undersupplied area (destination-based incentives) by offering some reward, such as free bike-share use or a prize of some sort. This approach has proven to be successful in docked bike-share services, but the potential in the context of dock-less bike-share services is unknown. This dissertation examines the potential effect of an incentive-based approach to rebalancing a dock-less e-bike-share fleet on bike-share use and social benefits, focusing mainly on VMT reduction, using a e-bike-share service in the Sacramento area, CA. This dissertation consists of four studies. The first and the second studies are self-standing. The third study is built on the second study, and the fourth and final study assembles an agent-based model from the models presented in the prior three studies. In the first study, I examine bike-share users’ willingness-to-walk to pick up a bike or drop off a bike at some distance from their origins or destinations if rewarded and identify characteristics influencing willingness-to-walk. I find that half of the respondents use bike-share if the available bike is located 8.9 minutes away. Estimates of willingness-to-walk farther than the mean distance for incentives at origins and destinations were 3.8 minutes and 4.2 minutes per dollar, respectively. Based on these results, I find the potential effectiveness of incentives as a strategy for spatially rebalancing bike-share fleets.
The second study examines the factors influencing mode substitution, defined here as the mode that is replaced when bike-share is used. I find that walking is the dominant mode substitution for trips of less than 1 mile for most trip purposes. Long trips and non-commute trips that start at non-commercial locations are likely to represent car substitution and some groups, such as women, non-membership holders, and those who have a private car, are more likely to report car substitution for any trip purpose.
The third study develops a framework for estimating vehicle miles reduced from the introduction of a dock-less e-bike-share service. I find that the daily car substitution rate, including both “private car” and “ride-haling,” was 28% on weekdays. Furthermore, I find that the dock-less bike-share service with a fleet size ranging between 950 and 1100 was responsible for an estimated VMT reduction of 2,131 vehicle miles per day in total and 0.79 miles per trip on average across the service region on weekdays.
The fourth and final study develops a simulator using an agent-based model to examine how an incentive-based approach helps reduce the spatial mismatch between demand and supply and to estimate impacts on VMT reduction and its social cost in the context of a dock-less e-bike-share service. I find that incentive strategies improve the willingness of bike-share users to go out of their way to pick up or drop off a bike, but the effect varies by fleet size and the size of the incentive budget. The number of trips per bike does not change significantly with rebalancing strategies, suggesting that operators must determine the fleet size carefully before entering the market. I estimate that introducing incentive strategies reduces VMT by 3-6% by increasing the number of bike-share trips and saves US$20-29 in social costs per day. Based on the first three studies, this study demonstrates the potential of the rebalancing strategy's incentive approach to increase the bike-share operation's efficiency and social benefits regarding VMT reduction
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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