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Fünf Essays zum Thema Innovationsmanagement durch Venturing und frühe Internationalisierung
No full textAusgehend von der Fragestellung, wie etablierte Unternehmen mit sich ändernden Marktbedingungen umgehen, werde ich mich zunächst auf Corporate Venturing fokussieren. Corporate Venturing beschreibt Aktivitäten von etablierten Unternehmen, externe Firmen stärker an sich zu binden (z.B. durch den Kauf von Firmenanteilen oder die Lizensierung von Patenten) oder interne Abteilungen auszugründen (z.B. um neue Produkte schneller am Markt zu erproben). Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, dass Corporate Venturing dabei helfen kann, die Innovationsgeschwindigkeit von etablierten Unternehmen zu erhöhen. Darüber hinaus ist es ein Weg, um neue Geschäftschancen zu identifizieren, zu evaluieren und schließlich auszuschöpfen (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000).
In der Innovationsforschung hat sich der sogenannte Spin-Along Approach als konkrete Ausgestaltung des Corporate Venturing Ansatzes etabliert. Es werden dabei internes Corporate Venturing (z.B. das Ausgründen eigener Firmen; genannt Spin-Out/Spin-Off Firmen) und externes Corporate Venturing (z.B. das integrieren externer Unternehmen; genannt Spin-In Firmen) miteinander kombiniert (Klarner et al., 2013; Michl et al., 2012; Rohrbeck et al., 2009). Dieser kombinierte Ansatz aus Spin-In und Spin-Out Aktivitäten unterstützt die Innovationsfähigkeit und die Wachstumsbestrebungen etablierter Unternehmen (Rohrbeck et al., 2009).
Obwohl dieser Spezialfall des Corporate Venturings bereits in einigen Firmen angewendet wird (z.B. Cisco (Salona et al., 2000), Philips (Michl et al., 2012) und Deutsche Telekom (Rohrbeck, 2009)), haben sich nur wenige Innovationsforscher mit diesem Thema wissenschaftlich auseinandergesetzt. Drei meiner fünf Papiere füllen diese Lücke in der Innovationsforschung. Im Folgenden werde ich die zentralen Ergebnisse aller meiner fünf Papiere vorstellen, beginnend mit den Beiträgen, die sich konkret auf den Spin-Along Approach fokussieren.
Erstens wird in Fischer (2015) gezeigt, wie Spin-Along Venturing als Strategie verstanden werden kann, die etablierte Firmen dazu befähigt, Chancen aus Marktveränderungen für sich zu nutzen. Um diesen Weg aufzuzeigen, wird der Adaptive Cycle von Miles et al. (1978) exemplarisch aufgegriffen. Konkret bedeutet das, dass die Spin-Along Strategie dabei hilft, die von Miles et al. (1978) postulierten „generic problems“ (entrepreneurial, engeneering, und administrative problem) aufzulösen. Des Weiteren wird in Fischer (2015) ein neues Modell namens Spin-Along Shell Model eingeführt, um Innovationspraktikern ein Werkzeug in die Hand zu geben, mit dem Spin-Along Firmen um die elterliche Organisation herum positioniert werden können.
Im zweiten Papier, Mahdjour & Fischer (2015), zeigen wir auf, welche spezifischen Fähigkeiten die zentrale Forschungs- und Entwicklungsabteilung der Deutschen Telekom, Telekom Innovation Laboratories (T-Labs), benötigt, um ein Spin-Along Programm aufzusetzen und fortzuführen. Wir haben 13 Fähigkeiten identifiziert, die drei Ebenen zugeordnet wurden: 1) Fähigkeiten, bezogen auf die richtige Unternehmensumgebung (z.B. die Etablierung einer Unternehmenskultur, die das Unternehmertum fördert), 2) Fähigkeiten, die sich auf den Aufbau des Spin-Along Programms beziehen (z.B. Priorisierung von strategisch wichtigen Spin-Along Firmen), und 3) Fähigkeiten, die nötig sind, um neue Spin-Along Firmen zu entwickeln (z.B. Besetzung von Stellen mit den richtigen Ressourcen).
Im dritten Papier, Mahdjour & Fischer (2014), greifen wir wieder den Fall der T-Labs auf um zu zeigen, dass der Spin-Along Approach um das Thema frühe Internationalisierung erweitert werden kann, um Hürden im Innovationsprozess zu überwinden. In der Studie des Spin-Along Programms der T-Labs ist deutlich geworden, dass einige der Spin-Along Firmen früh nach ihrer Gründung in Märkte vordringen wollten, die nicht dem Heimatmarkt der Deutschen Telekom, Deutschland, entsprachen. In Mahdjour & Fischer (2014) zeigen wir anhand konkreter fallbezogener Beispiele, welche Gründe es für diese frühe Internationalisierung gab.
Im vierten Papier dieser Dissertation, Wurster et al. (2014), verlassen wir den Corporate Venturing Bereich und konzentrieren uns auf unabhängige Firmen. Basierend auf der Untersuchung von Unternehmen, die sich früh internationalisiert haben (sogenannte Born Globals), stellen wir ein Erfolgsfaktorenmodell auf.
Das fünfte Papier dieser Dissertation, Fischer et al. (2014), untersucht das Venture Portfolio der Fraunhofer Gesellschaft. Wir haben herausgefunden, dass das Überleben von Fraunhofer’s Ausgründungen zum großen Teil davon abhängig ist, ob sich Fraunhofer zu Beginn der Firmengründung beteiligt oder erst zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt als Anteilseigner auftritt. Darüber hinaus wurden weitere Faktoren identifiziert, die das Überleben von Fraunhofer Ventures beeinflussen.Starting with the question of how established firms cope with changing environmental conditions, I take corporate venturing as one approach into account. In fact, corporate venturing can help to increase the innovation speed as well as to identify, evaluate and exploit new business opportunities (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000). Through the observation of companies that combine internal and external corporate venturing, scholars have identified a new concept in the corporate venturing domain: the spin-along approach (Klarner et al., 2013; Michl et al., 2012; Rohrbeck et al., 2009). The spin-along approach describes a firm’s activity of jointly spinning-in and spinning-out ventures in order to achieve innovation (e.g. by spinning out ventures as "alternative paths for innovation that are non-core or radical") and growth (e.g. by "extending and developing new business" through spinning in new ventures) (Rohrbeck et al., 2009).
Today, only a few scientists have dealt with the spin-along approach, although it is applied in different firms already (e.g. Cisco (Salona et al., 2000), Philips (Michl et al., 2012) as well as Deutsche Telekom (Rohrbeck, 2009)). Three of my five papers deal with the spin-along topic. In the following I will give a short overview of my five papers.
Firstly, in Fischer (2015), I show how spin-along venturing can be understood as a strategic attempt that enables incumbent firms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. By explaining how spin-along activities help firms to master the adaptive cycle of Miles et al. (1978), I conceptualized the spin-along strategy as an extension of the spin-along approach. The newly introduced spin-along strategy helps to solve three generic problems (entrepreneurial, engineering, and administrative) every company faces when trying to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, I proposed the spin-along shell model as a tool for practitioners to position a venture portfolio around a parental nucleus.
Secondly, in Mahdjour & Fischer (2015), we describe specific measures that were necessary for Telekom Innovation Laboratories (T-Labs), the central R&D organization of Germany’s largest telecommunication operator Deutsche Telekom to implement the spin-along approach. The measures were grouped into 13 organizational capabilities, which are situated on three levels: a) capabilities aiming for a suitable corporate environment for spin-along activities (e.g. the establishment of an entrepreneurial culture), b) capabilities to build a comprehensive spin-along programme (e.g. prioritizing strategically relevant spin-along ventures), and c) capabilities to develop new spin-along ventures (e.g. staffing venture teams appropriately).
Thirdly, while conducting the study on T-Labs’ spin-along ventures, it became apparent that a subset of the portfolio had the ambition to internationalize early after inception. Starting a business in non-domestic markets was a promising strategy for these ventures to overcome conflicts with the parental organization. In Mahdjour & Fischer (2014), we show that early internationalization helped T-Labs’ ventures to avoid termination by its parent. This risk of termination was fueled by the fear of Deutsche Telekom getting parts of its own business cannibalized in the domestic market. Furthermore, early internationalization enabled the spin-along ventures to collaborate with competitors of Deutsche Telekom in markets where Deutsche Telekom was not active in. In addition, the paper shows that other non-domestic markets had fewer legal restrictions, which accelerated market success. Finally, the market demands in other non-domestic markets were higher for some spin-along venture offerings – an additional good reason to internationalize early after inception.
Fourthly, in Wurster et al. (2014), we left the corporate venturing domain and concentrated on independent firms. We developed a success factor model for Born Global firms to achieve market dominance. We found out that the most important factors that enable young firms to become market dominators are the founders’ exceptional technical assets, a high international market demand/pull and a long lead time.
Fifthly, in Fischer et al. (2014), we found out that the public R&D organization Fraunhofer society should rather not invest in their own spin-off companies from year one onwards, since this has been identified as an influencing factor in decreasing the chance of venture survival. Moreover, we found out that the presence of a privately owned company as a shareholder, as well as paying Fraunhofer for conducting research during the lifecycle of a venture, positively influences its survival rate. In contrast, buying patents from Fraunhofer had a negative effect on survival
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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