1,721,061 research outputs found
Digitization of Forensic Engineering: Overview, Perspectives and New Challenges
No full textIn the last years, digitization of data and processes in the forensic field has started to flourish as a core aspect of computer science, due to the need of extracting, representing and storing the underlying information. The scope of application is wide and multidisciplinary, as the digitization process now fully involves all phases of the forensic process. Due to the recent innovations in the field of knowledge representation and data analytics, this paper provides a thorough methodological overview of the main digitizing approaches and algorithms within the so-called “Forensic Engineering”. Firstly, the two terms “Digitization” and “Forensic” will be introduced and defined. Then, the meaning and value of these two concepts combined together will be explored. Accordingly, an overview of the forensic digitization procedure will be provided and the importance that this digital transformation entails, in both scientific and innovation terms. Secondly, different examples of data-driven approaches and intelligent systems for knowledge extraction, representation and classification will be presented in multiple contexts of forensic engineering. Following a methodologic analysis of the main limitations of the existing methods, we will propose innovative and promising research directions in the field. Finally, many difficulties, due to Code requirements and Code of Practice approaches, will be pointed out in order to define a more practical approach for a common Legal Engineer
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Revision of the aggregate fertility index for Italian Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle
No full textThe aggregate fertility index was added to the national Holstein breeding objective in 2009, and is a linear combination of five selection criteria: angularity, milk yield (MY), interval calving-first service (DTFS), 56 days non-return rate (NR56), and calving interval. The objective of the present study was to include new traits, measured in both productive cows and heifers, to such aggregate index, by exploiting information from linear scoring and fertility-related events. Six subsets of ~15,000 animals calving since 1994 were extracted from the national database. Traits identified were: age at first insemination in heifers (AFI), interval first-last insemination (IFL), NR56, and conception rate (CR) in heifers and cows, and DTFS, MY, and body condition score (BCS) in cows. A multiple-trait animal model was employed to estimate (co)variances of these phenotypes, separately for cows and heifers. Fixed effects per trait were: herd-year of birth (AFI), month of birth (AFI), herd-year-season of birth (IFL, NR56, CR in heifers), month-year of insemination (IFL, NR56, CR in heif-ers), herd-year-season of calving (MY, DTFS, IFL, NR56, CR in cows), month of calving (DTFS, IFL, CR in cows) or insemination (NR56 in cows), age-year of calving (DTFS, IFL, NR56, CR in cows), herd-year-season of classification (BCS), age-stage of lactation at linear scoring (BCS), and year of calving (BCS). Animal additive genetic and residual were treated as random terms. The pedigree was traced back 5 generations. Estimates of G and R matrixes of all the six subsets were averaged to apply selection index methodology for deriving appropriate index weights, by fixing CR in cows and heifers as the only breeding goals. Heritability of cow fertility traits ranged from 0.013 (NR56) to 0.076 (DTFS), whereby estimates of heifer traits were between 0.012 (CR) and 0.071 (AFI). Relative emphasis placed in the selection criteria of the aggregate index for cows were: 0.55 (IFL), 0.16 (DTFS), 0.13 (NR56), 0.09 (MY), and 0.07 (BCS). Index weights for heifer traits were 0.47 (IFL), 0.43 (NR56), and 0.10 (AFI). Both indexes were scaled to have mean 100 and standard deviation 5. The aggregate fertility index published in the official genetic evaluation release is a combined index which includes both indexes by placing 90% emphasis on cow aggregate index and 10% emphasis on heifer aggregate index
Alternative somatic cell count traits exploitable in genetic selection for mastitis resistance in Italian Holstein and Jersey cows
No full textBreeding for mastitis resistance represents an important strategy to decrease the incidence of the disease in the farm. However, as routine disease-recording systems are currently not widely implemented, genetic selection for mastitis resistance is mostly based on test-day (TD) or lactation-mean somatic cell count (SCC) (Martin et al., 2018). Nevertheless, alternative traits derived from SCC and genetically correlated with clinical mastitis have been suggested to better describe SCC variation throughout the lactation and the dynamic of infection (de Haas et al., 2008;
Urioste et al., 2010; Koeck et al., 2012). Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize alternative SCC traits, derived from TD data from routine recording system, and to estimate phenotypic and genetic correlations with milk production traits in Italian Holstein Friesian (HF) and Jersey (JE) cows. Test-day records of 66,407 primiparous HF cows from 404 herds sampled between 1999 and 2014 and TD records of 12,754 primiparous JE cows from 428 herds sampled between 2004 and 2016 were extracted from the databases of the Italian Holstein Association (Cremona, Italy). Along with the traditional lactation-mean somatic cell score (SCS), analyzed traits included average SCS in early lactation (SCS_150), standard deviation of SCS of the whole lactation (SCS_SD), presence or absence of at least one TD SCC above 400,000 cells/mL (Infection) and the ratio of number of TD with SCC above 400,000 cells/mL to total number of TD (Severity). A subset of 22,695 HF and a subset of 8,133 JE cows were randomly extracted from the edited original databases and used for genetic analysis. Multivariate animal models were run to estimate heritability of and genetic correlations between alternative SCC traits, and genetic correlations between alternative SCC traits and milk production traits. Herd-year-season of calving and number of TD were included as fixed effects, and additive genetic animal (n = 62,146 for HF and n = 18,314 for JE cows) as random terms. Holsteins had lower SCS than JE cows, both when averaged over the entire lactation or over the first 150 days in milk: 2.86 vs 3.09 for SCS and 2.66 vs 3.01 for SCS_150, respectively. However, compared to JE, HF showed greater SCS_SD (1.29 vs 1.10), higher Infection (47.4% vs 42.9%) and greater Severity (14% vs 11%). Heritability of novel SCC traits was smaller in comparison to traditional lactation-mean SCS (0.13 for HF and 0.14 for JE), ranging from 0.04 (SCS_SD) to 0.11 (SCS_150) in both breeds. With the only exception of SCS_SD, genetic correlations between SCC traits were strong and comprised between 0.79 and 0.99. Regardless the breed, negative phenotypic correlations were estimated between milk yield and SCC traits, whereas positive genetic relationships were observed, especially with those traits related to variation of SCC (SCS_SD, Infection and Severity). Phenotypic and genetic correlations between SCC traits and milk composition (fat and protein percentage) were mostly close to zero. In conclusion, alternative SCC traits analyzed in the present study showed enough genetic variation to be exploited in breeding programs for mastitis resistance. Moreover, our findings confirmed that high milk SCC is associated with reduced milk production (negative phenotypic correlation) and support the hypothesis that high producing cows could be more susceptible to mastitis (positive genetic correlation). The unfavorable genetic correlation between SCC traits and production highlights the need of improving selection for mastitis resistance. A comparison of alternative SCC traits with clinical mastitis information would be required. de Haas, Y., W. Ouweltjes, J. ten Napel, J. J. Windig, and G. de Jong. 2008. Alternative somatic cell count traits as mastitis indicators for genetic selection. J. Dairy Sci. 91:2501–2511. Koeck, A., F. Miglior, D. F. Kelton, and F. S. Schenkel. 2012. Alternative somatic cell count traits to improve
mastitis resistance in Canadian Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 95:432–439. Martin, P., H. W. Barkema, L. F. Brito, S. G. Narayana, and F. Miglior. 2018. Symposium review: Novel strategies to genetically improve mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 101:2724-2736. Urioste, J. I., J. Franzén, and E. Strandberg. 2010. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of novel somatic cell count traits from weekly or monthly observations. J. Dairy Sci. 93:5930–5941
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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