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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Fine-scale associational effects: single plant neighbours can alter susceptibility of focal plants to herbivores
No full textThe neighbourhood of plants in a patch can shape vulnerability of focal plants to herbivores, known as an associational effect. Associational effects of plant neighbourhoods are widely recognised. But whether a single neighbouring plant can exert an associational effect is unknown. Here, we tested if single neighbours indeed do influence the likelihood that a focal plant is visited and eaten by a mammalian herbivore. We then tested whether any refuge effect is strengthened by having more neighbours in direct proximity to a focal plant. We used native plant species and a browser/mixed feeder mammalian herbivore (swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor)) free-ranging in natural vegetation. We found that a single neighbouring plant did elicit associational effects. Specifically, plant pairs consisting of one high-quality seedling next to a single low-quality plant were visited and browsed by wallabies later and less than pairs of two high-quality seedlings. Having more neighbours did not strengthen these associational effects. Compared with no neighbours, one or five low-quality neighbours had the same effect in delaying time taken for wallabies to first visit a plot and browse on a high-quality focal seedling. While traditionally a 'patch' refers to a broad sphere-of-influence neighbouring plants have on a focal plant, our findings suggest the influence of plant neighbours can range from the nearest individual neighbour to the entire plant neighbourhood. Such fine-scale associational effects are fundamentally important for understanding intricate plant-herbivore interactions, and ecologically important by potentially having knock-on effects on plant survival, in turn influencing plant community structure
Olfactory misinformation provides refuge to palatable plants from mammalian browsing
No full textMammalian herbivores browse palatable plants of ecological and economical value. Undesirable neighbours can reduce browsing to these plants by providing ‘associational refuge’, but they can also compete for resources. Here, we recreated the informative odour emitted by undesirable plants. We then tested whether this odour could act as virtual neighbours, providing browsing refuge to palatable tree seedlings. We found that protection using this misinformation tactic was equivalent to that provided by real plants. Palatable seedlings were 17-20 times more likely to be eaten by herbivores without virtual, or real, neighbours. As many herbivores use plant odour to forage, virtual neighbours could provide a novel practical management approach to help protect valued plants.1. Associational refuge main trial
All six treatments were deployed at our study site in plots (n = 15 per treatment, at least 50 m apart) in a completely randomised plot design. At each plot, five “virtual” or real neighbours were placed evenly in circle (radius 1 m) around a single E. punctata seedling (325 ± 18 mm tall, Supplementary Fig. 7). All plants were sourced from Plants Plus Cumberland Forest Nursery, Pennant Hills, NSW, Australia and came potted (using Scott’s Osmocote Native Premium Potting Mix) in black plastic 200 mm ‘Garden City Plastic Grow Plant Pots’. Temperature ranged across the study period from 13.3 °C to 37.0 °C with a mean of 6.5 mm daily rainfall, with 12 days of rain (of > 1 mm) over the total 40-day period (Terrey Hills, Sydney, Bureau of Meteorology 2022).
Patches were monitored for 40 days between 03 February and 13 March 2023 using motion-triggered infra-red trial cameras (ScoutGuard SG560K or SG2060-K; Professional Trapping Supplies Pty Ltd, Molendinar, QLD, Australia). Cameras were fastened to wooden stakes (camera height = 0.7 m, distance to seedling = 1.5 m) at an approximate 45° angel towards the palatable seedlings. Cameras were set to record 60 s videos with instant re-trigger.
After 40 days, we quantified the survival time of palatable seedlings at ‘time to first wallaby browse (days)’ (when a wallaby consumed any part of the palatable seedling). If browsed, we quantified the proportion of E. punctata biomass consumed after the first browsing visit. We also recorded whether the palatable seedling was browsed during the day (colour videos) or during the night (black and white videos).
1.1 Pre-trial period
Before the main trial, we ran a 14-day pre-trial period to both habituate wallabies to the experimental set-up of camera and stake and calculate a score of background wallaby activity per patch (background wallaby activity score = the number of wallabies recorded at a treatment site during the pre-trial period). Any plots where wallabies were not recorded during the pre-trial period and the main trial were removed from later analysis
From macropods to megaherbivores – understanding and harnessing mammalian herbivores' use of olfactory information
No full textFor a generalist mammalian herbivore foraging decisions are made cross a hierarchy of spatial scales from plant communities, patches within communities, individual plants within patches, and parts within plants. Thus, the consumption of any particular plant are shaped both by the quality, or ‘palatability’ of the plant itself, and by its neighbours. When neighbouring plants influence focal plant vulnerability to herbivory, it is called an associational effect.
Associational effects are well documented. But several important questions remain. Can single neighbouring plants influence vulnerability of focal plants to herbivory? Can plant odour provide the crucial information underpinning foraging decisions that lead to associational effects? Is there a component within the entire plant odour that is informative to herbivores? Can associational effects informed by odour be harnessed to protect plants from wild herbivores?
Answering these questions is fundamentally ecologically significant. By influencing plant growth and survival, mammalian herbivores around the world shape the structure of entire plant communities. Moreover, herbivore browsing can be problematic, devastating areas of habitat restoration and post fire recovery, and causing billions of dollars of damage in forestry and agriculture globally. Current solutions to problematic herbivory traditionally use lethal control, or preventing access to plants such as fencing. These approaches can have social, ecological, and economic limitations. Thus, recognising the information herbivores use to make foraging decisions is also key in developing alternative management solutions to control herbivore browsing damage.
To address these questions in this thesis, I ran a series of manipulative trials focusing on plant-herbivore interactions of free-ranging swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor, in open eucalypt woodland, Australia, and semi-domesticated African elephants, Loxodonta africana, in highveld savanna, South Africa
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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