2,401 research outputs found
Listener Musics (spatial audio composition, text score for electronics and small ensemble)
No full textTwo compositions, commissioned for BBC Tectonics Festival 2021, and premiered in May 2021 in collaboration with the Scottish Symphony Orchestra.
Listener Musics combine various types of sound (instrumental tones, field recordings, pink noise) to consider the role of listening in perceiving and imagining spaces. A minimal ensemble score provides a frame for collapsing together sound materials, testing their relationships and tensions
New Models for Data Envelopment Analysis. Measuring Efficiency Outwith the VRS Frontier
No full textSome models are presented in this paper which extend the concept of measuring superefficiency to the useful case of variable returns-to-scales (VRS), thus enabling the ranking of efficient as well as inefficient units. Two models, namely the Universal Radial Model and the Universal Additive Model, are presented that also have strong invariance properties (units and translation invariance). For both of these models a method for normalising the efficiency scores on a (0-1+) scale is presented. These models have been implemented in a software package and applied to the ranking of units in an industrial context.Data envelopment analysis (DEA), Superefficiency, Universal models
REVEALING PROCESS-BASED AND WRITERS’ CHOICE OF ACADEMIC ESSAY WRITING IN UNDERGRADUATE EFL LEARNERS
No full textThis research are to describe the process-based academic writing plays the role in essay creationin the argumentative essay from EFL learners; to describe the writer’s choice contributing in academic essay writing of EFL in undergraduate by using rhetorical patterns; and to describe the weaknesses and strengths of process-based and writer’s choice role; This research uses the descriptive qualitative. The data sources of this research are argumentative essays from ELTD, sixth semester in undergraduate IAIN SNJ Cirebon. The text was taken from the students who followed GBL lesson in previous semester. The instrument is the researchers theirself. The techniques of collecting data that is used by the researchers are questionnaire, interview transcript, audio recording and document. The result of this research is different with the previous research. In this research, the researcherss shows essay’s writing process in detail, contribution of rhetorical patterns in essay’s creation and how strength and weakness the process also the pattern in essay. To the role of process-based stages here are more than half of efforts in making essay, means certain stages are very useful to the students as the author here. The examples are pre writing, editing and revising, and responding. Then, the patterns help the students as the author to arrange their essay. Both are giving big contribution to communicate the text to the readers. This is such as using marker (Mk 1, Mk 2 and Mk 3) as the signal or bridge among the sentence or the paragraph. However, both of them still have their own to be applied to the EFL learner
Komunikasi Organisasi Pemimpin Dalam Membangun Kineja Aparatur di IAIN Pekalongan Tahun 2019-2020
No full textThe purpose of this research is to find out how much influence the leader communication has to the apparaturs in realizing the mission of the institution in IAIN Pekalongan. The method used is a qualitative field with a case study approach. The case study that the author is doing is intrinsic, the research will focus on organizational communication activities carried out by the leader to the apparatus in the IAIN Pekalongan environment. While data collection using sampling with data analysis study is holistic. Holistic analysis is needed by the writer to describe in detail the communications, the context of the communication, and the setting in which the communication takes place. The result of this research is that organizational communication is carried out on the principles of kinship and culture. This concept encourages the realization of harmonious conditions in the staffing environment of IAIN Pekalongan. Cultural principles are realized in the form of Asah, Asih, and Asuh between the leadership and the apparatus under them. These three principles appear in every formal and non-formal activity, including workshops, Trining, FGD, seminars, istighosah, autbond, dies natalis, and others. Meanwhile, the family principle is realized in daily interactions both in the office and outside the office. Organizational communication by the leader to the apparatus in the IAIN Pekalongan environment is able to encourage the realization of the institution's Vision and Mission
EVALUATION OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION LEARNING AT HIDAYATUL MUSTAFIDIN HIGH SCHOOL
No full textThis study aims to determine how the evaluation of Islamic Religious Education learning at SMA Hidayatul Mustafidin. The strategy used in implementing the learning evaluation and the results of the evaluation of learning Islamic Islamic Religious Education learning at SMA Hidayatul Mustafidin. In the research process the author uses a qualitative approach. The data collection is done by means of obsevation, interviews, and literature studies. the results of the research in general can be obtained that application of the evaluation of Islamic Religious Education learning at SMA Hidayatuk Mustafidin in addition to written methods such as daily test, midterm assessments, end of semester assessments, also seen the behavior of students so that when students behave less well, guidance will be given. It can be seen from the student activity forum such as tambourine, scouting, and student council activites. The impact obtained by students is expected to be able to behave well. Keywords: Evaluation; Learning; Islamic Education
Understanding the role of middle ear macrophages in profoundly deaf children; the potential to improve hearing with cochlear implants
No full textBackground: middle ear infection and inflammation (otitis media) is the leading cause of hearing loss worldwide. A history of childhood otitis media increases the risk of hearing loss in adulthood [1] and can affect outcomes following cochlear implantation [2]. Cochlear implants are a life changing intervention for profoundly deaf children. Unfortunately, many children don’t achieve the expected benefits of their implant [3]. A variable tissue, or fibrotic, response to implantation may be factor [4] however this is not well understood. Pre-clinical and temporal bone [5] studies have shown that middle ear infection causes inflammation and damage within the cochlea associated with changes in macrophages [6]. However, there is little understanding of the role of macrophages in how well children hear with a cochlear implant. We hypothesise that the activation state of middle ear macrophages differs between children undergoing cochlear implantation due to their varying immune history [7,8]. This study aims to determine whether immune biology of the middle ear is a biological factor contributing to underperformance in children with cochlear implants. Methods: CHIEF (cochlear implants and inner ear inflammation)[9] is a cross-sectional study of children and young people undergoing cochlear implantation. Samples of the middle ear mucosa and cochlear fluid will be collected during surgery. Following implantation, routine clinical outcome measures and health data will be collected for up to five years. We will use CosMx [10], a spatial transcriptomics platform, to characterise the spatial gene expression of the macrophages in the middle ear of children undergoing cochlear implantation, for the first time. We will use bioinformatic analysis to determine if there are differences in gene expression of the macrophages within and between samples and determine what cells the macrophages are communicating with.Conclusion: this work will provide new knowledge of the immune biology of the ear in children undergoing implantation and inform our understanding of biological factors that can influence hearing outcomes with an implant. Through CHIEF, we will generate a database containing clinical and medical history of children undergoing cochlear implantation and a tissue bank. We will analyse the relationship between the biological and clinical data (collected over five years) to interrogate how the immune state of the ear is associated with long-term hearing outcomes. If a predictable relationship is determined, there is potential to improve long-term hearing outcomes in children following implantation by modulating inflammation, using anti-inflammatory therapies. References1 Aarhus L, Homøe P, Engdahl B. Otitis media in childhood and disease in adulthood: A 40-year follow-up study. Ear Hear. 2020;41:67–71. doi: 10.1097/AUD.00000000000007292 Alzoubi F, Odat H, Nuseir A, et al. Effect of otitis media with effusion on cochlear implant surgery: Technical difficulties, post-operative complications and outcome. Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2015;129:762–6. doi: 10.1017/S00222151150016813 Cupples L, Ching TYC, Button L, et al. Language and speech outcomes of children with hearing loss and additional disabilities: identifying the variables that influence performance at five years of age. Int J Audiol. 2018;57:S93–104. doi: 10.1080/14992027.2016.12281274 Seyyedi M, Nadol JB. Intracochlear inflammatory response to cochlear implant electrodes in humans. Otology and Neurotology. 2014;35:1545–51. doi: 10.1097/MAO.00000000000005405 Monsanto R da C, Schachern P, Paparella MM, et al. Progression of changes in the sensorial elements of the cochlear and peripheral vestibular systems: The otitis media continuum. Hear Res. 2017;351:2–10. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.05.0036 Xia A, Thai A, Cao Z, et al. Chronic suppurative otitis media causes macrophage-associated sensorineural hearing loss. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19:224. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02585-w7 Hough K, Verschuur CA, Cunningham C, et al. Macrophages in the cochlea; an immunological link between risk factors and progressive hearing loss. Glia. 2021;1–20. doi: 10.1002/glia.240958 Cunningham C, Wilcockson DC, Campion S, et al. Central and systemic endotoxin challenges exacerbate the local inflammatory response and increase neuronal death during chronic neurodegeneration. Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;25:9275–84. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2614-05.20059 Hough K, Nichani J, Findlay C, et al. Protocol for CHIEF (cochlear implants and inner ear inflammation) study; an observational, cross-sectional, study of children and young people undergoing cochlear implantation [Preprint]. MedXRiv. Published Online First: 26 November 2024. doi: 10.1101/2024.11.25.2431776710 He S, Bhatt R, Brown C, et al. High-plex imaging of RNA and proteins at subcellular resolution in fixed tissue by spatial molecular imaging. Nat Biotechnol. 2022;40:1794–806. doi: 10.1038/s41587-022-01483-z <br/
EPISTEMOLOGI AYAT MUTASHĀBIHĀT: Analisis Kaidah Nafiy pada Surah Āli ‘Imrān Ayat 7
No full textThis study aims to analyze the mutashābihāt verse in surah Āli ‘Imrān verse 7 through the perspective of Nafiy (negation) rules in order to understand its epistemological implications. Mutashābihāt verses, which contain implied meanings and multi-interpretations, often result in challenges to the interpretation of the holy verses of the Qur'ān. In Surah Āli ‘Imrān verse 7, Allah Swt. confirms the existence of clear verses (muḥkamāt) and vague verses (mutashābihāt), and states that Allah is the only one who knows the true meaning of the mutashābihāt verses. Using the rule of Nafiy, this study seeks to describe how the rejection or negation of certain meanings helps in understanding and interpreting mutashābihāt verses. This approach also examines how the method affects the formation of knowledge and understanding in the context of Islamic scholarship. The analysis shows that the Nafiy rule plays a significant role in maintaining the integrity and consistency of interpretation, as well as in guiding Muslims towards a deeper and more accurate understanding of divine revelation. The author hopes that this research can make a meaningful contribution to the study of Qur'anic interpretation and Islamic epistemology. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ayat mutashābihāt melalui perspektif kaidah Nafiy (negasi) yang tercamtum dalam Q.S Āli ‘Imrān ayat 7 guna memahami implikasi epistemologisnya. Ayat mutashābihāt, yang mengandung makna tersirat dan multiinterpretasi, sering kali mengakibatkan tantangan terhadap penafsiran ayat-ayat suci Al-Qur’an. Dalam Q.S Āli ‘Imrān ayat 7, Allah SWT menegaskan adanya ayat-ayat yang jelas (muḥkamāt) dan ayat-ayat yang samar (mutashābihāt), serta menyatakan bahwa hanya Allah satu-satunya yang memahami makna yang sebenarnya dari ayat-ayat mutashābihāt tersebut. Dengan menggunakan kaidah Nafiy, penelitian ini berusaha menguraikan bagaimana penolakan atau negasi terhadap makna-makna tertentu membantu dalam memahami dan menafsirkan ayat-ayat mutashābihāt. Pendekatan ini juga mengkaji bagaimana metode tersebut mempengaruhi pembentukan pengetahuan dan pemahaman dalam konteks keilmuan Islam. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kaidah Nafiy berperan signifikan dalam menjaga integritas dan konsistensi penafsiran, serta dalam membimbing umat Muslim menuju pemahaman yang lebih mendalam dan akurat terhadap wahyu Ilahi.
Should we measure and modulate inflammation before cochlear implantation to improve long-term hearing outcomes?
No full textBackground: deaf children undergoing cochlear implantation have the potential to meet developmental milestones in line with their biological hearing peers. Unfortunately, hearing and language outcomes following implantation are variable. The biological factors contributing to underperformance are poorly understood. This study aims to determine whether the inflammatory/immune state of the ear is one factor contributing to underperformance. Insertion of an electrode array elicits a variable inflammatory response which can result in scar tissue (fibrosis) around the array1. An aberrant response can result in increased inflammation and fibrosis and contribute to poorer hearing2. Macrophages, tissue-resident immune cells, acquire ‘memory’ to previous insults (infections) which can result in an increased inflammatory response to subsequent insults3. Within the ear, an increased inflammatory response will cause tissue damage and contribute to hearing loss4; after implantation, this may contribute to greater fibrosis and poorer hearing outcomes. Early identification of inflammatory risk could mitigate this. Methods: CHIEF (cochlear implants and inner ear inflammation) is a cross-sectional study of children and young people undergoing cochlear implantation. Tissue and fluid samples will be collected from the ear/(s) being implanted during surgery including middle ear mucosa, a middle ear swab and cochlear fluid. A nasal swab and blood sample will be collected at the time of surgery. Following implantation, routine clinical outcome measures and health data will be collected for up to five years. We hypothesise that the tissue response to inflammation varies due to the individual inflammatory differences in the ear at the time of implantation. We will use CosMx5, a spatial transcriptomics technique that measures spatial gene expression, to measure the inflammatory state of the middle ear mucosal samples. We will characterise the expression profile of the major cell types identified in the middle ear mucosa samples. Results: to gather pilot data, we will generate a spatial gene expression profile of the key immune regulators in the middle ear (macrophages) and the surrounding cells. We will use bioinformatic analysis to determine if there are differences in gene expression of the cells within and between samples and determine whether these cells are communicating with each other. This pilot data will allow us to determine whether this technique yields valuable gene expression data for the major middle ear cell types and whether this technique should be used to analyse all mucosal samples collected in CHIEF. Conclusion: this will be the first spatial gene analysis of cells in the middle ear of children and young people undergoing cochlear implantation. This work will provide new knowledge of the immune biology of the ear in children undergoing implantation and inform our understanding of biological factors that can influence hearing outcomes with an implant. Through CHIEF, we will generate a database containing clinical and medical history of children undergoing cochlear implantation and a tissue bank. We will analyse the relationship between the biological data and clinical data (collected over five years) to interrogate how the immune state of the ear is associated with long-term hearing outcomes with an implant. If a predictable relationship is determined, there is potential to improve long-term hearing outcomes in children following implantation by modulating inflammation, using anti-inflammatory therapies. Reference 1.Seyyedi, M. & Nadol, J. B. Intracochlear inflammatory response to cochlear implant electrodes in humans. Otology and Neurotology 35, 1545–1551 (2014).2.Hough, K. et al. Inflammation at the tissue-electrode interface in a case of rapid deterioration in hearing performance leading to explant after cochlear implantation. Otology & Neurotology 42, e445–e450 (2021).3.Cunningham, C., Wilcockson, D. C., Campion, S., Lunnon, K. & Perry, V. H. Central and systemic endotoxin challenges exacerbate the local inflammatory response and increase neuronal death during chronic neurodegeneration. Journal of Neuroscience 25, 9275–9284 (2005).4.Xia, A. et al. Chronic suppurative otitis media causes macrophage-associated sensorineural hearing loss. J Neuroinflammation 19, 224 (2022).5.He, S. et al. High-plex imaging of RNA and proteins at subcellular resolution in fixed tissue by spatial molecular imaging. Nat Biotechnol 40, 1794–1806 (2022). <br/
Protocol for CHIEF (cochlear implants and inner ear inflammation) study; an observational, cross-sectional study of children and young people undergoing cochlear implantation
No full textIntroduction: cochlear implantation is a surgical intervention for people with severe-to-profound hearing loss. Electrodes in the cochlea generate electrical currents that stimulate the auditory nerve to elicit hearing. Despite the success of cochlear implants, some people do not receive the expected hearing benefits. One reason for this is that tissues in the cochlea vary in their response to implantation of the electrode array. Many people have a healthy wound-healing response that results in mature scar tissue (fibrosis). However, some individuals have a heightened inflammatory response associated with excessive fibrosis. This leads to greater electrical resistance to the current flow (impedance) and reduces the quality of electrical stimulation, both of which can lead to poorer hearing outcomes with the implant. Excessive inflammation can damage cochlear structures and result in loss of residual hearing.This study will increase our understanding of why some people have a heightened inflammatory response that leads to poorer hearing. We propose that there are detectable individual inflammatory differences between people when they are implanted, which may result in variable hearing outcomes following implantation. If we could understand and identify these differences, we could detect people who may be at risk of less favorable outcomes and use therapies to modulate inflammation and improve outcomes.Methods and analysis: a cross-sectional study of children and young people undergoing cochlear implantation. On the day of surgery, a middle ear mucosa sample, swabs of the nasopharynx and middle ear, cochlear fluid, and blood samples will be collected.Samples will be analyzed using molecular techniques to determine the inflammatory status of the person at the time of implantation. Clinical hearing data will be collected for up to five years after implantation to explore the relationship between inflammation at the time of implantation and long-term hearing outcomes.<br/
Is there an inflammatory signature of the middle ear that identifies children at risk of poor hearing with a cochlear implant?
No full textBackground: middle ear infection/inflammation (otitis media) is a leading cause of hearing loss worldwide. Otitis media in childhood increases the risk of hearing loss in adulthood and can affect outcomes following cochlear implantation. Cochlear implants can be life-changing for deaf children. Unfortunately, some children don’t achieve the expected hearing with their implant. Poorer hearing can be caused by aberrant tissue growth, or fibrosis, around the implant. The mechanism is poorly understood.Preclinical and temporal bone studies have shown that otitis media causes macrophage-associated inflammation and damage within the cochlea. There is little understanding of how inflammatory signalling from the middle ear activates cochlear macrophages and how this could affect hearing with a cochlear implant. Aim: to determine whether the inflammatory state of the middle ear, at implantation, is a biological factor contributing to poor performance in children with implants.Methods: CHIEF (cochlear implants and inner ear inflammation) is a cross-sectional study of children undergoing cochlear implantation. Samples of the middle ear mucosa and cochlear fluid have been collected during surgery. A study database of clinical and hearing data spanning five years post-implantation is being built. Results: working with BioR, we carried out secondary analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data from a preclinical otitis media model. We identified strong interactions between pro-inflammatory macrophages and fibroblasts in rodent middle ear mucosa. The single-cell transcriptome of the human inflamed middle ear remains largely unexplored. Using spatial transcriptomics (CosMx), we aim to characterise the spatial gene profile and intercellular interactions of macrophages and fibroblasts in the middle ear mucosa collected through CHIEF.Conclusion: the relationship between the biological and clinical data will be analysed to interrogate how the inflammatory signature of the ear is associated with long-term hearing outcomes. If a predictable relationship is determined, anti-inflammatories could be used to modulate inflammation and improve hearing following implantation. <br/
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