1,720,954 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Analyse der T-Zell-Aktivierungsregulatoren in der Autoimmunhepatitis
No full textAutoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease with unknown aetiology and pathogenesis. Highly activated T effector cells seem to play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of AIH by mediating the inflammatory immune responses in the liver. In this study, we hypothesise that altered expression of T cell co-stimulation or co-inhibition may account for the disproportionate T cell activation in AIH, leading to improper monitored T cell immune responses. The aim of this study was to analyse various intrinsic regulatory molecules of T cell activation in peripheral blood and in livers of patients with AIH. For this purpose, we investigated expression levels of CBL-B, CTLA-4, GRAIL, ICOS, ITCH, NEDD4, OX40, PD-1, PKCθ and TRAF6 in liver and blood of treatment-naive AIH patients (n= 42) and AIH patients under immunosuppressive treatment (n= 37) in comparison with healthy controls (n= 44), patients with other autoimmune-mediated liver diseases such as PBC (n= 13) or PSC (n=18), and with patients with non-autoimmune liver disorders such as DILI (n= 35) or NASH (n= 17). By use of quantitative real-time PCR screening, we identified that expression of CTLA-4, PD-1 and ICOS were significantly increased in liver tissue samples of treatment-naive AIH patients in comparison with control groups. Moreover, intrahepatic expression of CBL-B, PD-1 and CTLA-4 in AIH patients correlated positively with the modified hepatic activity index (mHAI) of these patients, suggesting that with an increase of intrahepatic disease activity, expression levels of CBL-B, CTLA-4, ICOS and PD-1 were also increased. Furthermore, intrahepatic expression of CBL-B positively correlated with serum levels of aspartate- or alanine-aminotransferase (AST or ALT), indicating that intrahepatic expression of CBL-B increases with liver injury and hepatic disease activity in patients with AIH. In contrast, CTLA-4, PD-1 and ICOS expression in peripheral blood T cells of treatment-naive AIH patients was similar to that in control groups. With RNA in-situ hybridisation we confirmed the findings of the gene expression analyses. Moreover, we identified that liver-infiltrating T cells and not CD3- cells in hepatic portal areas of treatment-naive AIH patients, showed increased expression levels of CBL-B, CTLA-4, ICOS and PD-1 as compared to those of DILI patients and AIH patients under treatment. Furthermore, expression of CBL-B or CTLA-4 in liver-infiltrating T cells of treatment-naive AIH patients positively correlated with disease activity expressed as mHAI. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that in contrast to intrahepatic T cells of healthy controls, NASH or DILI patients, the normally occurring reduction of CBL-B protein expression after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation was not reduced in intrahepatic T cells of treatment-naive AIH patients. Moreover, intrahepatic T cells from treatment-naive AIH patients responded to stimulation with an increase in numbers of CTLA-4+CD4+ T cells, CTLA-4+CD8+ and PD-1+CD8+ T cells, as compared to healthy controls, DILI or NASH patients. Intrahepatic ICOS+CD4+ T cells of treatment-naive AIH patients were increased compared to those from healthy controls but not considerably different compared to DILI or NASH patients. We also showed that expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 by CBL-Bhi T cells of treatment-naive AIH patients significantly differed as compared to control groups. To conclude, we identified aberrant expression of co-inhibitory T cell activation regulators CBL-B, CTLA-4 and PD-1 in intrahepatic but not in peripheral blood T effector cells in active AIH. Whether this is a counter-regulation against the increased activation of the intrahepatic T cells and to what extent this altered expression affects the intracellular cytokine production of the intrahepatic T cells, has to be further investigated. However, these molecules are potential biomarkers of disease activity and worthwhile objects of further study.Die Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) ist eine chronisch entzündliche Lebererkrankung mit unbekannter Ätiologie und Pathogenese. Hochaktivierte T-Effektorzellen scheinen eine zentrale Rolle in der Immunpathogenese der AIH zu spielen, indem sie die Entzündung in der Leber vorantreiben. Unsere Hypothese ist, dass eine veränderte T-Zell Co-Stimulation oder Co-Inhibition für die überproportionale T-Zell-Aktivierung bei AIH verantwortlich ist und dies zu einer gestörten T-Zell-Immunantwort in AIH führt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, verschiedene intrinsische regulatorische Moleküle der T-Zell-Aktivierung im peripheren Blut und in der Leber von atienten mit AIH zu analysieren. Zu diesem Zweck untersuchten wir CBL-B, CTLA-4, GRAIL, ICOS, ITCH, NEDD4, OX40, PD-1, PKCθ und TRAF6 in Leber und Blut von noch unbehandelten AIH-Patienten (n= 42) und AIH-Patienten unter immunsuppressiver Behandlung (n= 37) im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen (n= 44), Patienten mit anderen autoimmunvermittelten Lebererkrankungen, wie PBC (n= 13) oder PSC (n=18) und Patienten mit nicht-autoimmunen Lebererkrankungen, wie DILI (n= 35) oder NASH (n= 17). Mithilfe des quantitativen Echtzeit-PCR-Screenings konnten wir feststellen, dass die Expression von CTLA-4, PD-1 und ICOS in Lebergewebeproben von unbehandelten AIH-Patienten im Vergleich zu Kontrollgruppen signifikant erhöht war. Darüber hinaus korrelierte die intrahepatische Expression von CBL-B, PD-1 und CTLA-4 bei AIH-Patienten positiv mit dem modifizierten Leberaktivitätsindex (mHAI) dieser Patienten, was darauf hindeutet, dass mit einer Zunahme der intrahepatischen Krankheitsaktivität auch die Expressionsniveaus von CBL-B, CTLA-4, ICOS und PD-1 anstiegen. Des Weiteren korrelierte die intrahepatische Expression von CBL-B positiv mit den Serumwerten der Aspartat- oder Alanin-aminotransferase (AST oder ALT), was darauf hinweist, dass die intrahepatische Expression von CBL-B mit der Leberschädigung bei AIH Patienten zunimmt. Im Gegensatz dazu war die Expression von CTLA-4, PD-1 und ICOS in peripheren Blut-T-Zellen von unbehandelten AIH-Patienten, derjenigen der Kontrollgruppen ähnlich. Mit der RNA-in-situ-Hybridisierung haben wir die Ergebnisse der Genexpressionsanalysen bestätigt. Zusätzlich haben wir festgestellt, dass die Leber-infiltrierenden T-Zellen und nicht die CD3- Zellen, in hepatischen Portalfeldern von unbehandelten AIH-Patienten eine erhöhte Expression von CBL-B, CTLA-4, ICOS und PD-1 im Vergleich zu DILI-Patienten und AIH-Patienten in Behandlung zeigten. Darüber hinaus korrelierte die Expression von CBL-B oder CTLA-4 in Leber-infiltrierenden T-Zellen von unbehandelten AIH-Patienten positiv mit der histologischen Krankheitsaktivität (mHAI). Durchflusszytometrische Analysen ergaben, dass die CBL-B-Proteinexpression bei intrahepatischen T-Zellen von unbehandelten AIH-Patienten nach anti-CD3/CD28-Stimulation nicht reduziert wurde, im Gegensatz zu gesunden Kontrollen, NASH- oder DILI-Patienten, bei denen die Stimulation eine deutliche Reduktion der CBL-B-Proteinexpression bewirkte. Des Weiteren reagierten intrahepatische T-Zellen von unbehandelten AIH-Patienten auf die Stimulation mit einer Zunahme von CTLA-4+CD4+ T-Zellen, CTLA-4+CD8+ und PD-1+CD8+ T-Zellen im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen, DILI- oder NASH-Patienten. Intrahepatische ICOS+CD4+ T-Zellen von unbehandelten AIH-Patienten waren im Vergleich zu denen aus gesunden Kontrollen erhöht, unterschieden sich jedoch nicht wesentlich von denjenigen bei DILI- oder NASH-Patienten. Wir zeigten auch, dass sich die Expression von CTLA-4 und PD-1 durch CBL-Bhi T-Zellen von unbehandelten AIH-Patienten im Vergleich zu Kontrollgruppen signifikant unterscheidet. Zusammenfassend konnte eine abweichende Expression der intrinsischen T-Zell-Aktivierungsregulatoren CBL-B, CTLA-4 und PD-1 in intrahepatischen, jedoch nicht in peripheren Blut-T-Effektorzellen in aktiven AIH festgestellt werden. Ob dies eine Gegenregulation zur erhöhten Aktivierung der intrahepatischen T-Zellen war und inwieweit diese veränderte Expression die intrazelluläre Zytokinproduktion der intrahepatischen T-Zellen beeinflusste, muss weiter untersucht werden. Diese Moleküle eignen sich jedoch als potentielle Biomarker der Krankheitsaktivität und sollten Objekt weiterführender Studien sein
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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