1,720,978 research outputs found
Are temporary jobs stepping stones or dead ends? A systematic review of the literature
No full textPurpose: This study aims to investigate the heterogeneous results about the impact of temporary jobs on subsequent labour market performances and to provide policymakers with further information on the effects of temporary contracts under particular circumstances. Design/methodology/approach: The authors present a quantitative systematic review on the debate about the "stepping stone vs dead end" hypothesis related to the causal effect of temporary jobs on future labour market performances. Findings: Among 78 observations from 64 articles, 32% support the hypothesis according to which temporary contracts are a port of entry into stable employment positions, 23% report ambiguous or mixed findings and the remaining 45% provide evidence in favour of the dead end hypothesis. The results from meta-regressions suggest that the stepping stone effect is more likely to emerge when self-selectivity issues are dealt with. The studies focussing on temporary work agency jobs and casual/seasonal jobs support more easily the dead end hypothesis. Finally, in more recent years and when the unemployment rate is larger, the dead end hypothesis is more likely to prevail. Originality/value: Although many studies have been published on this issue, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no recent analytic economic surveys on the "stepping stone vs dead end" debate. The main contribution of this article is to fill this gap
You’ll never walk alone: unemployment, social networks and leisure activities
No full textWe analyse how unemployment affects individuals’ social networks, leisure activities, and related satisfaction measures. We use the LISS panel, a representative longitudinal survey of the Dutch population. We estimate the effects by inverse propensity score weighting in a difference-in-differences design to deal with unobserved heterogeneity and unbalanced covariate distribution between treated and control units potentially associated with the dynamics of the outcome variables. We find that, after job loss, individuals increase their network size by strengthening their closest family contacts, spending more time with neighbours, and using social media more frequently. Additionally, our results show that job losers derive more enjoyment from their leisure time, with an increase in the time spent on private activities
Retirement and health outcomes in a meta-analytical framework
No full textThis paper presents a meta-analysis on the effects of retirement on health. We selected academic papers published between 2000 and 2021 and studying the impact of retirement on physical and mental health, self-assessed general health, healthcare utilization and mortality. Our search resulted in a dataset consisting of 308 observations from 85 articles. Using meta-regression analysis and after checking for the presence of publication bias, we found that the average effect of retirement on health outcomes is very small and barely significant, under the assumption of a common true effect. We applied model averaging techniques to explore possible sources of heterogeneity of the true effect. Our findings suggest that effect heterogeneity across results is explained by the differences in both health measurements and retirement schemes. In particular, mandatory or involuntary retirement is associated with a negative impact of retirement on health, although it is small in magnitude
Unsafe temperatures, unsafe jobs: The impact of weather conditions on work-related injuries
No full textWe estimate the impact of temperatures on work-related accident rates in Italy by using daily data on weather conditions matched to administrative daily data on work-related accidents. The identification strategy of the causal effect relies on the plausible exogeneity of short-term daily temperature variations in a given spatial unit. We find that both high and cold temperatures impair occupational health by increasing workplace injury rates. The positive effect of warmer weather conditions on work-related accident rates is larger for men and for workplace injuries. Older workers and jobs in the service sector are instead affected less. Colder temperatures lead to a substantial increase in commuting accidents, especially on rainy days
Unemployment scarring effects: An overview and meta-analysis of empirical studies
No full textThis article reviews the empirical literature on the scarring effects of unemployment, by first presenting an overview of empirical evidence relating to the impact of unemployment spells on subsequent labor market outcomes and then exploiting meta-regression techniques. Empirical evidence is homogeneous in highlighting significant and often persistent wage losses and strong unemployment state dependence. This is confirmed by a meta-regression analysis under the assumption of a common true effect. Heterogeneous findings emerge in the literature, related to the magnitude of these detrimental effects, which are particularly penalizing in terms of labor earnings in case of unemployment periods experienced by laid-off workers. We shed light on further sources of heterogeneity and find that unemployment is particularly scarring for men and when studies’ identification strategy is based on selection on observables
Off to a bad start: youth nonemployment and labor market outcomes later in life
Full text linkWe estimate the effect of nonemployment experienced by Italian youth after secondary school exit on subsequent labor market outcomes. We focus on the impact on earnings
and labor market participation both in the short term and in the long term. By estimating a factor-analytic model that controls for time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, we find that the negative effect of nonemployment on earnings is persistent, being sizeable and statistically significant up to 25 years after school completion. Penalties in terms of participation last instead shorter. Hence, early nonemployment operates by persistently locking the youth who get off to a bad start into low-wage jobs
Convergenza o divergenza internazionale delle condizioni del lavoro? Alcune evidenze empiriche
No full textRetirement and health outcomes in a meta-analytical framework
Full text linkThis paper presents a meta-analysis on the effects of retirement on health. We selected academic papers published between 2000 and 2021 and studying the impact of retirement on physical and mental health, self-assessed general health, healthcare utilization and mortality. Our search resulted in a dataset consisting of 308 observations from 85 articles. Using meta-regression analysis and after checking for the presence of publication bias, we found that the average effect of retirement on health outcomes is very small and barely significant, under the assumption of a common true effect. We applied model averaging techniques to explore possible sources of heterogeneity of the true effect. Our findings suggest that effect heterogeneity across results is explained by the differences in both health measurements and retirement schemes. In particular, mandatory or involuntary retirement is associated with a negative impact of retirement on health, although it is small in magnitude
Timing of labor market entries and exits: career dynamics and health outcomes
Full text linkQuesta tesi studia l’effetto causale della non-occupazione sulle future performance lavorative e l’impatto del pensionamento sulla salute. Essa approccia i due filoni di ricerca tramite due review e meta-analisi della letteratura, mentre i capitoli empirici usano il database AD-SILC per ricostruire la storia lavorativa degli individui inclusi nell’analisi econometrica. Dal punto di vista metodologico, l’uso dei factor analytic dynamic model mira a i) depurare il vero effetto causale della non-occupazione giovanile dall’effetto spurio indotto dalle differenze sistematiche tra individui, considerando una serie di caratteristiche non osservabili e time-varying legate a tratti personali e contesto socioeconomico; ii) stimare l’effetto causale sulla salute del diverso timing del pensionamento tra gli individui, sfruttando lo shock esogeno della riforma pensionistica che aumenta l’età pensionabile. I risultati della prima meta-analisi suggeriscono che l’esperienza di disoccupazione è particolarmente penalizzante per i lavoratori a seguito di un licenziamento. Il secondo capitolo mostra che l’effetto negativo della non-occupazione giovanile sui salari persiste fino a 25 anni dopo, mentre quello sulla partecipazione scompare entro 5 anni. La non-occupazione giovanile tende quindi a intrappolare gli individui in lavori meno pagati. Relativamente al secondo focus, la meta-analisi rivela un effetto positivo, seppur estremamente ridotto, del pensionamento sulla salute, con risultati eterogenei in letteratura dovuti al tipo di misura analizzata o al tipo di pensionamento. L’assenza di unobserved heterogeneity nell’ultimo capitolo suggerisce che la mortalità è un evento così estremo che non subisce effetti significativi del timing del pensionamento, nè delle caratteristiche non osservabili degli individui.This thesis investigates the causal effects of nonemployment on future career dynamics and the impact of retirement on health outcomes. Firstly, it approaches the related empirical fields through two extensive overviews and meta-analyses of the previous studies. Secondly, the empirical chapters use the AD-SILC database to rebuild all the labor market history of the individuals included in the econometric analyses. From a methodological point of view, the use of factor analytic dynamic models is aimed at i) disentangling the true causal effect of youth nonemployment from the spurious one induced by systematic differences across individuals with different labor market histories, by taking into account a series of individual and time-varying unobserved factors related to personal characteristics and the socio-economic context; ii) estimating the causal health impact of retirement, occurring at different time across individuals, by exploiting the exogenous shock of a pension reform which aims at increase the normal retirement age. Meta-regression results show that past unemployment is particularly penalizing for laid-off and male workers. The second chapter find that the negative effect of nonemployment on earnings is detected up to 25 years after diploma for both men and women, whereas penalties in terms of participation last shorter. Hence, early nonemployment operates by persistently locking the youth who get off to a bad start into low-wage jobs. As for the second focus, the meta-analysis reveals a positive but extremely small average effect of retirement on health, with some heterogeneities due to differences in health outcomes used and in the type of retirement scheme. For instance, the lack of unobserved heterogeneity in the last chapter may suggest that mortality is such an extreme event and then is not significantly affected both by the timing of retirement and by unobserved traits of the individuals
You’ll never walk alone: unemployment, social networks and leisure activities
No full textWe analyse how unemployment affects individuals’ social networks, leisure activities, and related satisfaction measures. We use the LISS panel, a representative longitudinal survey of the Dutch population. We estimate the effects by inverse propensity score weighting in a difference-in-differences design to deal with unobserved heterogeneity and unbalanced covariate distribution between treated and control units potentially associated with the dynamics of the outcome variables. We find that, after job loss, individuals increase their network size by strengthening their closest family contacts, spending more time with neighbours, and using social media more frequently. Additionally, our results show that job losers derive more enjoyment from their leisure time, with an increase in the time spent on private activities
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