1,720,958 research outputs found
The EU internal market in the next decade - quo vadis?
No full textIn this chapter, the author analyses how, over time, the European Member States have
ceded national sovereignty to the European Union, where particular areas of criminal
law are concerned. The progress made in the creation of a quasi-federal Europe
for criminal law is the fruit of a struggle between Member States, on the one hand,
seeking to retain their national sovereignty, and on the other hand, recognising the
need to face reality, this being that European criminality does not stop where national
physical territories end, but seeks to take advantage of the borderless Europe. That
same borderless European Union requires a system to match to effectively combat
criminality and maintain an area of freedom, security and justice in which the
European Citizen can prosper.peer-reviewe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The exclusionary rule of illegally-obtained evidence - an Anglo-Saxon perspective
Get PDFCicero's famous words Omnes Legum servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus have stood the test of time. Jean-Jacques Rousseau however writes that Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains, implying that man is constrained both by legal and social forces. This paradox is reflected in the balance between criminal substantive and procedural law on the one hand and the rights of the citizen, including human rights, on the other. The latter can indeed only be enforced and ensured by a derogation therefrom in certain circumstances. The right to liberty, for instance, can only be ensured by restricting the liberty of others, whether in ordinary behaviour or as a punishment for previous conduct. This paradoxical situation is also reflected in rules governing illegally obtained evidence. Should the accused be convicted on the grounds of evidence obtained illegally, against his rights or should his rights be given precedence, excluding the evidence, and in so doing detract from the protection of the rights of others in general? The examples drawn from various jurisdictions vary greatly owing to historical, social and political reasons.peer-reviewe
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Implementing and enforcing EU criminal law : theory and practice
No full textImplementing the PIF Directive in Malta. The PIF Directive has been implemented in Malta through sporadic legislative amendments and administrative interventions. When dealing with substantive crimes
relating to the protection of the financial interests of the European Union, the Maltese
Criminal Code already contains relative provisions referring to various instances of
fraud which adequately cover the offences within the PIF Directive. One can identify,
inter alia, the offence of misappropriation, obtaining money by false pretences and the
catch-all ‘other fraudulent gain’. The offence is aggravated if the perpetrator is a public
officer or a person vested with some form of entrustment as well as aggravated by
amount. Malta also has an established solid anti-corruption legal framework providing for
bribery (active and passive bribery of domestic public officials) and trading in
influence. The sanction in respect of bribery of public officials is imprisonment for a
period of six months to eight years. In the case of a magistrate or judge, the term of
imprisonment can range from 18 months to 10 years, and in the case of a member of
parliament, the sanction is imprisonment for a term from one year to eight years. In
addition to imprisonment, a person convicted of bribery may also be punished with
temporary or perpetual interdiction, i.e., disqualification from holding a public office or
employment with the public sector. The punishment for trading in influence is
imprisonment for a term of three years. [Excerpt]peer-reviewe
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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