59 research outputs found
Costs-Benefits Analysis of Building Renovation
No full textThe renovation of existing buildings represents a high potential for energy savings and the reduction of environmental impacts. Taking into account the direct and indirect benefits of building renovation is instrumental for the implementation of large-scale building renovation projects. Among the benefits that can be achieved, a reduction in costs is of particular interest for both investors and citizens. In order to implement cost-effective refurbishment measures, suitable procedures, tools and economic indicators should be used. This chapter investigates the cost-benefit approach to building energy refurbishment by introducing cost analysis methods, with particular focus on cost-optimisation. An example of a cost-effective analysis is then presented (for a case study). A cost-optimisation procedure is applied to identify the best packages of energy efficiency measures for building retrofitting; the main economic indicators are calculated and discussed
Energy performance progress of the Dutch non-profit housing stock: a longitudinal assessment
Get PDFWorldwide, buildings consume a large part of the total energy delivered. In the context of all the end-use sectors, buildings represent the largest sector with 39% of the total final energy consumption, followed by transport in the EU (European Union ). Policy targets and regulations are in force at the EU level to ensure the energy efficiency improvement of the building stock. This research seeks to provide insight into the energy performance progress, of the existing non-profit housing stock in the Netherlands, through the application of energy renovations. The non-profit housing stock comprises 30% of the housing market in the Netherlands and a large part of the policies towards a more efficient housing stock rely on the non-profit housing sector. To that end, we determine the energy renovation rate of the stock and the impact of the applied renovations on both the predicted and actual energy consumption. The difference of predicted and actual energy savings is analysed through longitudinal statistical modelling in renovated and non-renovated dwellings. Based on the knowledge gained on the renovation rates of the non-profit housing stock we compare and evaluate future renovation rates through dynamic building stock modelling and empirical data validation. In essence, we examine the effect that the improvement of thermo-physical characteristics of dwellings has on efforts to make the existing housing stock almost emission-neutral by 2050, as advocated by the European Commission since 2011. The renovation activity is expected to be greater than the construction and demolition activity in the future and as such we need to bring awareness to the actual impact and effectiveness of energy renovations.A+BE | Architecture and the Built Environment No 14 (2018)OLD Housing Quality and Process Innovatio
Energy efficiency state of non-profit housing stock in the Netherlands
Get PDFImproving energy efficiency of buildings is widely considered as the one of the most promising, fast and cost-effective ways to mitigate climate change and achieve the 2020 and 2050 goals set for the built environment (European Commission 2011; Aedes 2017). Energy efficiency of the building stock is hard to achieve if we only focus on the design of new dwellings. In this chapter, we will analyse the energy efficiency state of the existing Dutch non-profit housing stock using data from 2015.
We examine the energy efficiency state of the stock using data from the SHAERE monitoring system. The data from SHAERE include the age, type, useful floor area, thermal resistance (Rc-value) of the envelope (roof, facades and floor), thermal transmittance (U-value) of the windows, heating and domestic hot water (DHW) systems, ventilation system, the predicted heating energy consumption and energy production systems, if present. We also use actual heating energy consumption data from Statistics Netherlands to calculate the mean actual energy consumption of the stock.
The chapter aims at setting the current energy performance state of the Dutch non-profit housing stock. A complete and detailed assessment of the current efficiency state of the non-profit housing stock in the Netherlands is necessary in order to examine the energy renovation pace and energy saving measures realised. The following sections present the results and conclusions drawn from this chapter. Section 2.2 presents the development of energy efficiency policies in the built environment. The SHAERE monitoring system is presented in 2.3. Section 2.4 sums up the methods used. Section 2.5 brings attention to the results of the research study. Section 2.6 presents the conclusions of this chapter
Introduction
Get PDFThe rapid growth of urban areas has led to the unsustainable use of resources (Langeweg et al. 2000; Bhatta 2010; UN 2014). The impacts of urban areas are evident in regions which supply cities with food, water, energy and absorb pollution and waste (UN 2014). At the same time, the current world population, of 7.6 billion, is predicted to reach 8.6 billion in 2030 and 9.8 billion in 2050 (UN 2017). Moreover, the urban population, in 2014, accounted for 54% of the total global population. This signifies a 20% increase since 1960. In 2014, the majority of people - 54% - were living in urban areas and this percentage is estimated to rise in the future (WHO 2017). In Europe, 72.5 % of European Union (EU)-28 countries inhabitants lived in cities, towns and suburbs in 2014 (Eurostat 2016b). Nevertheless, differences between countries exist. Figure 1.1 shows the urban population growth of the Netherlands in comparison to the EU, Germany, Spain, France, Slovenia and Sweden. The Netherlands is characterised by a high level of population density and a high share of urban land use, whereas in most of the Scandinavian countries and Spain much lower levels of urban land use are present (Eurostat 2016b).
In this context, the main challenge is to accommodate a greater number of people while reducing the impacts on the environment, which are the main cause for climate change (IPCC 2014). Relatedly, the improvement of the quality of life of city residents is a priority (EEA 2015). Households have a large impact on energy intensity and final energy consumption, as Figure 1.2 shows. The energy intensity3 of households, depicted on the left hand side of Figure 1.2, is increasing and at the same time 25.4% of the final energy consumption in the EU 28 was attributed to the sector in 2015 (24.8% in 2016), shown on the right hand side of Figure 1.2 (EEA 2013; Eurostat 2016a). The potential for energy consumption reduction of households is large and is set as a key priority in the policy goals and directives by the European Commission (Paulou et al. 2014; Saheb et al. 2015). One of the most prominent ways to reduce the energy consumption of residential dwellings is through energy renovations
Are we moving fast enough? The energy renovation rate of the Dutch non-profit housing using the national energy labelling database
Get PDFThe existing housing stock plays a major role in meeting the energy saving targets set in the Netherlands as well as in the EU. Existing buildings account for 38% of the final energy consumption in the European Union (EU), and they are responsible for 36% of the CO2 emissions. Energy renovations in dwellings offer unique opportunities to reduce both energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, the renovation rates for the non-profit housing stock of the Netherlands are presented, based on the changes in the energy performance of 856,252 dwellings for the period of 2010–2014. The data necessary are drawn from a monitoring system that contains information about the energy performance of approximately 60% of all dwellings in the sector. The method used follows the changes of the dwellings’ physical properties and reported energy performance. The results show that although many energy improvements have been realized, they result in small changes of the energy efficiency of the dwellings. Deep energy renovation rates are very low. If this pace continues, the progress is too little to reach national and international policy targets. The renovation rates are not high enough and the trends seem difficult to reach.OLD Housing Quality and Process Innovatio
Effectiveness of energy renovations: a reassessment based on actual consumption savings
Get PDFEnergy renovations offer unique opportunities to increase the energy efficiency of the built environment and for the existing housing stock; they are the most important solution. Usually, energy savings are based on modeling calculations. However, recent research has shown that the predicted energy consumption differs largely from the actual consumption. In this paper, the effectiveness of energy measures is re-assessed based on actual consumption data. We use a monitoring system, which contains information about the energy performance of around 60% of the Dutch non-profit housing sector (circa 1.2 million dwellings). We connect the data from this monitoring system to actual energy consumption data from Statistics Netherlands on a dwelling level. Using longitudinal analysis methods, from 2010 to 2014, we are able to identify the energy efficiency improvements of the stock and determine the effectiveness of different measures in terms of actual energy savings. The results reveal the actual energy savings of different efficiency measures and highlight the significance of the actual energy consumption when a renovation is planned or realized.OLD Housing Quality and Process Innovatio
Phaedra. Comparison of classical and modern dramatizations
No full textV této práci se pokusím porovnat jednotlivá klasická zpracování s dalšími, moderními či současnými dramatizacemi. Faidra je antická mytická postava, která se zamiluje do svého nevlastního syna Hippolyta, ačkoliv je vdaná za krále Thesea. Klasické zpracování tohoto tématu zpracoval řecký dramatik Euripides. Dalším klasickým zpracováním je Faidra římského dramatika L. A. Seneky. Mezi moderní či současné adaptace patří díla Jeana Racina a Sarah Kane.Katedra filozofieObhájenoIn this essay I would like make a comparasion of classic individual adaptations with other modern and present dramatizations. Faidra is a mythical person during Classical Greece age, who falls in love with her stepson Hippolytus. Although Phaedra is Theseus´s wife. Classical adaptation of this topic wrote Greek dramatist Euripides. Another classical adaptation is "Phaedra" of Roman author
L. A. Seneca. Modern or contemporary adaptations are works by Jean Racine and Sarah Kane
NER300 Annual Report 2020
Get PDFNER 300 is an EU funding programme for the demonstration of innovative renewable energy technologies at the pre-commercial stage. Projects have to submit annually to the European Commission relevant knowledge gained, which is assessed with a view to establishing whether the project has adequately complied with its obligations. This report summarises the key lessons learnt so far and the recommendations of the JRC on the knowledge gained and the lessons learnt.JRC.C.7 - Knowledge for the Energy Unio
Energy efficiency measures implemented in the Dutch non-profit housing sector
Get PDFThe existing housing stock plays a major role in meeting the energy efficiency targets set in EU member states such as the Netherlands. The non-profit housing sector in this country dominates the housing market as it represents 31% of the total housing stock. The focus of this paper is to examine the energy efficiency measures that are currently applied in this sector and their effects on the energy performance. The information necessary for the research is drawn from a monitoring system that contains data about the physical state and the energy performance of more than 1.5 million dwellings in the sector. The method followed is based on the statistical modeling and data analysis of physical properties regarding energy efficiency, general dwellings’ characteristics and energy performance of 757,614 households. The outcomes of this research provide insight in the energy efficiency measures applied to the existing residential stock. Most of the changes regard the heating and domestic hot water (DHW) systems, and the glazing. The rest of the building envelope elements are not improved at the same frequency. The results show that the goals for this sector will be hard to achieve if the same strategy for renovation is followed
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